Just answer the Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Just answer the Question - Essay Example It is undoubted that human beings have played a significant role in climate change leading to depredation of the biosphere and extinction of vast species of flora and fauna. With no qualm, the earth’s biodiversity faces constant threats that would merit some intervention. However, time is a healing factor. Let the earth be for the next one million years and the current tribulations it faces will be past tense, safely buried in the world of history. If the world needs no saving, what does? Humanity is obviously under threat. Human beings are headed for extinction taking many more species with them besides the ones that have already disappeared. The human race population is fast skyrocketing and will soon surpass the carrying capacity of the earth (Cobb Para 5). Human activities such as burning of fossil fuels releasing excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thus accentuating global warming can only do more harm to humans and other species essential for the continuity of humanity. Consequently, man’s efforts to curb adverse phenomena such as global warming are focused more on saving humanity rather than the world. Therefore, the world needs no saving as does humanity because it can cope with its tribulations over

Analysis Of Change Initiative At Toyota Motor Corporation Management Essay

Analysis Of Change Initiative At Toyota Motor Corporation Management Essay Over the past several decades change management has become one of the mostly discussed topics across different industries on the market. The importance of change management has turn out to be a crucial task for managers and leaders of not only the big global corporations but also small and medium sized enterprises. Research suggests that the change management is fundamental issue that has to be considered especially when it comes to introducing and adjusting new strategies and policies that will influence the companys future perspectives and developments. It is essential part of the long-term competitive success formula (Pettigrew and Whipp, 1991). Although many research findings imply that change management can be defined in different ways depending on the industry and the company, there is a common ground on which the perceptions of the roles of the managers are build on. It is argued that people are the main drivers of change and innovation in the competitive environment of the business world. For this reason, human resources departments play a major role in choosing the right people for the right position and train and develop their employees to become goal and future oriented. Findings suggest that in order for a company to have a successful change management implementation, human resources managers have to be able to cope with both transformation and change within a single company (Urlich, 1997). According to Urlich (1997) transformation entails fundamental cultural change within a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦HR managers managing transformation become both cultural guardians and cultural catalysts. Since nowadays many companies operate on a global scale, the main issue in managing transformation is to lead the company through adaptation and acceptance of new culture without influencing the old beliefs and values. On the other hand change is usually related to introducing a certain degree of newness to the company, starting from employing new employees up to introducing new strategies and reshaping the overall corporate culture, mission, and vision of a company. More precisely change can be considered to be interrelated with transformation. It is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the ability of an organization to improve the design and implementation of initiatives and to reduce cycle time in all organizational activities (Urlich, 1997). In order for a change to be enacted and successfully accepted within a company, it is argued that change has to happen at three different levels 1) organizational, 2) team and 3) individual. When the new strategies and initiatives are accepted at all of the three levels, the implementation of change is successful (Hirtz, 2008). In order to have a successful change management implementation across the different levels of processes within a single company, research findings emphasize on the importance of having change agents. According to some historical data on human resources, the main drivers for change within a company were considered to be the human resource managers (Urlich, 1997). Being a global company inflicted with differences among the team members, individuals, and the overall organizational structure, the role of the change managers have changed over the years. It is claimed that nowadays the managers and the leaders at all levels within a single company are obliged to assert the need for change and its productive implementation. They are the key to successful understanding of cultural, social, political, and legal differences and the main drivers of motivation to the company as a whole (Hartley et al., 1997). In todays business world companies are striving to achieve a high level of change management implementation. In order to do so, an important factor that has to be taken into consideration is the time scale and planning. According to Caudwell (2004), a successful change management should be carefully planned and it should consist of an identified beginning and an ending that will provide desirable outcomes. However, research suggests that during the change implementation, managers often forget to go back and look at the results that they get at the very beginning of the process, which is the reason why many companies failed to transform and change according to their initial plans. For this reason, findings imply that the change management has to be perceived not as a one-time implementation project, but as an on-going, long-term and future oriented strategy (Caudwell, 2004). Lewins Force Field Analysis Model More than fifty years ago Kurt Lewin, using his experience in social psychology and human behavior, developed the widely known force field analysis model in order to explain how changes can happen within a single company. The force field analysis model, or also known as the 3-step model was primarily developed to help change managers identify the so called driving (or external) and restraining (or internal-individual and group behavior) forces that might influence the change within a single company (Burns, 2004a). In order for a successful and effective change to happen, Lewin proposed that there are three stages that every company and the individuals and groups being part of that environment should go through. Graphical depiction of the model is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Note: Table is taken from http://rapidbi.com/management/kurt-lewin-three-step-change-theory/ The first stage is the so-called unfreezing stage where the current situation should be carefully analyzed by producing disequilibrium between the driving and the restraining forces. By identifying the field- term referring to the current individual attitudes and beliefs within a group change agents are ready to move on, from the so-called status quo position, into the next stage called the move or change stage (Burnes, 2004a). At this point change managers are required to develop a plan that will initiate the urge for change among their employees. The change agents are expected to influence their employees and initiate acceptance and adaptation to the new processes, by strongly focusing on motivation and support. Finally, the third and the last stage is the so called refreezing stage where the role of the change managers is to successfully implement the change strategy (in terms of norms, practices, policies, and culture) and make sure that these newly accepted changes are not subj ect to deterioration (Burnes, 2004b) Even though Lewins model is one of the most widely used contributors to understanding the change management within a company, there are some critics that have been developed over the past fifty years. Research suggests that the implication of the model is useful in identifying the need, the type, and the resources needed to implement a certain degree of change within a company. It implies that the change occurs only at the times when the need for change is identified and that, once the individuals beliefs and attitudes are influenced and the social conflict is resolved, the change is accepted as a positive influence (Greener and Hughes, 2006). Findings propose that the model is based on simplistic assumptions that the companies operate as static and mechanistic environments and that the change would follow a clear pattern (Burnes, 2004a). Victor and Franckeiss (2002) suggest that in todays highly globalized and highly competitive business world, influenced by the differences in cultures, economies, and politics, change management is a phenomenon that occurs constantly and is planned, revised and updated on a regular basis. It is considered to be a must-do element of their day-to-day activities, and their future growth and expansion plans (Victor and Franckeiss, 2002). Analysis of change initiative at Toyota Toyota Motor Corporation is a multinational corporation with its headquarters located in Toyota city and Tokyo- Japan and it is the worlds leading automaker. Since its establishment in 1937, the company has successfully managed to expand globally entering the US market in 1957, Asia, Middle East, and China in 1962, and Europe and Africa in 1987. Today Toyota has its overseas bases in 27 countries and regions, as well as 52 production bases and 8 overseas offices. Toyota employs approximately 320,808 employees in their directly affiliated companies around the globe not counting the substantial number of indirectly employed dealers and suppliers. One of the main differentiation strategies of the company is that they managed to keep the same organizational culture and strategy throughout the years of their existence. The company has their own Guiding Principles at Toyota and the Five Main Principles of Toyoda that have been successfully implemented in every Toyota subsidiary, factory, a nd even among their dealers and suppliers. The main purpose of their principles is to keep their stakeholders motivated and prompt to change at any time (Toyota, 2010). More detailed information on the Toyota principles can be found in Figure 2. Figure 2 Guiding Principles at Toyota Honor the language and spirit of the law of every nation and undertake open and fair corporate activities to be a good corporate citizen of the world. Respect the culture and customs of every nation and contribute to economic and social development through corporate activities in the communities. Dedicate ourselves to providing clean and safe products and to enhancing the quality of life everywhere through all our activities. Create and develop advanced technologies and provide outstanding products and services that fulfill the needs of customers worldwide. Foster a corporate culture that enhances individual creativity and teamwork value, while honoring mutual trust and respect between labor and management. Pursue growth in harmony with the global community through innovative management. Work with business partners in research and creation to achieve stable, long-term growth and mutual benefits, while keeping ourselves open to new partnerships. Five Main Principles of Toyoda Always be faithful to your duties, thereby contributing to the Company and to the overall good. Always be studious and creative, striving to stay ahead of the times Always be practical and avoid frivolousness. Always strive to build a homelike atmosphere at work that is warm and friendly. Always have respect for God, and remember to be grateful at all times. Note: Table is taken from the official web page of Toyota Motor Corporation. Since the birth of Toyota, the companys philosophy has been based on successfully contributing to the society, meaning identifying the local cultural and social differences and creating products that will satisfy the needs and wants of the local customers all around the world. Throughout the years the company has managed to keep up with its corporate principle of delivering glocal products by creating a business model that is mainly a mixture of localization for their global markets (Toyota, 2010). Although keeping their unique corporate culture and values, and implementing the same business strategies and principles of doing business all around the globe, they have managed to differentiate and bring innovativeness to the international markets. The key behind this success is in the regiocentric management orientation. The company has effectively managed to spot the differences and similarities in the home and host countries and develop local view that allowed them to bring changes into their company, starting with the development of few global names of their products with localization content, and developing special training and support programs that will sustain the cultural differences and will allow their new employees to merge with the company much easier (Toyota, 2010). Toyota is one of the worlds widely known companies not only because of their successful business plan that has been implemented at home and overseas, but also because of their revolutionary change that made their management strategy stay the same over the years. By developing the Toyota Production System or TPS which is the method of managing people engaged in work that emphasizes frequent rapid problem solving and work redesign, the company has set the global model for successful performance and productivity (Thompson et al, 2003). The model was originally developed in the 1970s and it was mainly used to facilitate production and improve the speed. Over the last several decades the model was widely accepted by many companies operating in different industries. The reason behind the adoption of the model lies in the efforts of Toyota to bring constant change through experimenting and applying new concepts to the already existing processes (Spear, 2004). But what is the main drive behind successfully applying the TPS strategy? According to Parks (2002) Toyota has been the only company that has managed to apply the process without facing major failures. He claims that for introducing such innovative approach, the whole organizational culture and management should undergo the necessary changes. At Toyota the changes always start with their stakeholders. All the ideas and possible solutions to the existing problems are generated from their employees from all over the world. The solutions are discussed and are implemented as part of their experimental processes after which the final assessment is done. After the decision is made, extensive cross-functional training programs are inducted in order to have productive multifunctional workers who will understand the processes and the implementation of the new strategies. In order to get the desired results, strong change management is needed that will provide guidance and will result in disci plined and effective implementation of the change strategies (Parks, 2002). Having a strong management that promotes open and fair corporate activities involving all of the companys employees, introducing diversity programs that support the different cultural backgrounds, and following a clear set of rules (The Code of Conduct) enacted by extensive on-site training activities, is the key factor for success of Toyotas change management processes and strategies (Toyota, 2010). Conclusion Although the importance of having an effective change management has been introduced more than five decades ago, it seems that in todays business world its significance and implementation has a greater influence and application among the companies operating in different industries. Globalization and internationalization had significantly influenced the companies to embrace the change management strategies. Operating on different markets around the world requires compliance with the local cultures, economies, and politics which are the main factors for success of an international company. The main issue is to manage to create synergies between the home business strategy and corporate culture and the host- local cultures and procedures. Although it might seem like a logical transformation that has to be done, without implementing strong change management policies that will be based on the differences and similarities of the markets and the people, administering change can turn out to b e one of the most difficult processes. Following the example of Toyota, in order to have efficient change management teams and change strategies that would be accepted within a company, managers should stress out the importance of all of their employees. By becoming part of the problem solving and decision making processes, managers would get the opportunity to understand the cultural backgrounds of their employees and eliminate the factors that might influence their behavior. On the other hand the employees would feel involved and motivated and the implementation of the possible changes would result in positive outcomes. This is the reason why over the years Toyota has managed to keep the same organizational culture and strategy, yet always being able to bring innovativeness and set benchmark for other companies on the market to follow.

Navaids in Aviation :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How would pilots ever get around so easily without the help of navigation aides? Navigational aides have been around for almost as long as aircraft have been flying in the skies above us. The first navigation system was composted of just a high intensity-flashing beacon. These beacons were placed on the flight routes that were popularly flown in the mid 1920’s. With more time more of these technologies that help us navigate the world will be even simpler than today. This paper will explain how some navigational aides work and how some of them came into existence. Flight Management Systems Flight management systems are one of the best navaids in commercial aviation. The flight management system (FMS) is made up of four systems in an aircraft, the FMC (flight management computer), the autopilot and flight director, the auto throttle, and the IRS’s. According to Boeing the FMS could be defined as, being capable of four dimensional area navigation (latitude, longitude, altitude, and time), while optimizing performance to achieve the most economical flight possible. The flight management system can give you gross weight of the aircraft, and the best speeds (i.e. holding, approach, climb, cruise, descent, etc†¦) by taking inputs from the fuel summation unit when it is given the zero fuel weight and the MACTOW (mean aerodynamic cord at takeoff weight). The position of the aircraft can also be determined by referencing the IRS, along with GPS and the radio position updating. Global Positioning Systems GPS is a navigational aid that is satellite based. It is made up of a network of 24 satellites in orbit around the world. The first satellite was launched in 1978 and the last was put into orbit in 1994. Every 10 years another satellite is put into orbit because each satellite is made to last that amount of time. The system began as a military application but in the 1980’s the government decided to make it available to everyone, anywhere, anytime. The system finds your position by measuring the time it takes to receive the signal back to the satellite. It then does that with other satellites to triangulate your position in relation to the earth. To calculate a position in 2D the system has to be locked on to at least three satellites, but for a 3D representation you need to be locked on to at least 4 satellites. Once the position is found the GPS can calculate much more info like speed, bearing, track, distance, etc†¦ The GPS system is very accurate; Garmin (a leader in G PS technology) states that their newest receiver is accurate up to an average of 15 meters.

Grading System Indian education system

The Indian education system has taken a step forward towards reviving the education system with the introduction of grading system in session 2009-10. It will help in reducing the pressure on students during exams. In the last five years the meaning of education has changed for students from imbibing knowledge to merely scoring marks, resulting in myriad forms of education policies. As per reports, every day more than 17 students aged between 15-25 years commit suicide in India due to non-performance in the examination or an entrance test.Watching young children of the country succumbing to the undue pressure of scoring high marks is horrifying. One of the points to note here is the thinking of the society, which puts lot of pressure on students to ‘to perform'. This pressure from schools, parents, peer groups and society takes away the youthfulness of a child. Further, a health report also supports that this often causes health hazard such as fatigue, body aches, eye weakness, stress and in more severe cases, depression (neurotic/psychotic. Looking at today's education scenario, the Central Board of Senior Education has introduced educational counselors and child psychologists in schools to boost the confidence of young students and mentally prepare them for the board examination. This method has helped in reducing the stress and making them comfortable with the examination. Understanding the board exam system in India and its relation with students is of great importance in present times. While coping with the expectations of school, parents and society and keeping pace with their talent, students face a lot of hardships.Thus, the implementation of a grading system and abolition of board exams is really a boon for students. Adoption of grading system in India, the grading system was introduced in 2008-09 from class I-VIII, reducing the exam stress. Extending the concept to class IX and X has further reduced the pressure, giving students an opportunity t o explore other avenues. Following the US model, the implementation of the grading system is to bring in more practical education than the current theoretical method.This model prescribes a varied range of opportunities, providing children of all levels a platform to showcase their talent and pursue their interests traditionally; class XI students were given subjects as per marks scored in Class X. This system often disappointed students if they scored low. Moreover, if a student didn't get the required percentage due to poor scoring in one subject, then the entire percentage gets affected. The grading system will give students relief. It will provide ample opportunities to students to excel in their choice filed. Grading System Indian education system The Indian education system has taken a step forward towards reviving the education system with the introduction of grading system in session 2009-10. It will help in reducing the pressure on students during exams. In the last five years the meaning of education has changed for students from imbibing knowledge to merely scoring marks, resulting in myriad forms of education policies. As per reports, every day more than 17 students aged between 15-25 years commit suicide in India due to non-performance in the examination or an entrance test.Watching young children of the country succumbing to the undue pressure of scoring high marks is horrifying. One of the points to note here is the thinking of the society, which puts lot of pressure on students to ‘to perform'. This pressure from schools, parents, peer groups and society takes away the youthfulness of a child. Further, a health report also supports that this often causes health hazard such as fatigue, body aches, eye weakness, stress and in more severe cases, depression (neurotic/psychotic. Looking at today's education scenario, the Central Board of Senior Education has introduced educational counselors and child psychologists in schools to boost the confidence of young students and mentally prepare them for the board examination. This method has helped in reducing the stress and making them comfortable with the examination. Understanding the board exam system in India and its relation with students is of great importance in present times. While coping with the expectations of school, parents and society and keeping pace with their talent, students face a lot of hardships.Thus, the implementation of a grading system and abolition of board exams is really a boon for students. Adoption of grading system in India, the grading system was introduced in 2008-09 from class I-VIII, reducing the exam stress. Extending the concept to class IX and X has further reduced the pressure, giving students an opportunity t o explore other avenues. Following the US model, the implementation of the grading system is to bring in more practical education than the current theoretical method.This model prescribes a varied range of opportunities, providing children of all levels a platform to showcase their talent and pursue their interests traditionally; class XI students were given subjects as per marks scored in Class X. This system often disappointed students if they scored low. Moreover, if a student didn't get the required percentage due to poor scoring in one subject, then the entire percentage gets affected. The grading system will give students relief. It will provide ample opportunities to students to excel in their choice filed.

National Diabetes Fact

A Health Problem The diabetes is a disease which is characterized by the absence of insulin properly on the body. Also, the name diabetes has its origin in ancient Greece and Rome, and diabetes means â€Å"sweet†. In addition, this disease has been around the history of human beings for thousands of years. For example, there are manuscripts in Egyptian before of Christ that described to people to urinate frequently, and in Asia some doctors described people who suffered tiredness, skin boils and thirst.Recently, the diabetes has been grouped into three types which are type1 occurs when pancreas produces little or no insulin , type 2 is when the body becomes resistant to insulin or produces not enough blood sugar level, and gestational is in women who develop high blood sugar during pregnancy. Meanwhile, according to National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP), in Its National Diabetes Fact Sheet 2011 (NDFS), based on data released by The Depar tment of Health and Human Services (DHHS) in year 2011, diabetes affects 25. million people 8. 3% of the U. S population and this disease has became in the seventh cause of death in the United States. Moreover, based on information from National Business Coalition on Health (NBCH) , in its Action Brief (AB) on February 2012, the diabetes expenses were of 174 billion annually in direct medical and indirect costs which had estimated for year 2007 in the United States.In simpler terms, the diabetes has became in serious health problem that produces diverse expenses to diabetics ,so an away to avoid expenses derived of this disease is research what factors can produce diabetes?. Finally, the diabetes produces high medical expenditures for hospital, physician, and prescription medicines to treat diabetes which is a disease caused for three serious disorders are related to obesity, genetic, and stress.First, the most common cause of diabetes is obesity which is related to physical inactiv ity, eating disorders, and genetic. Next, obesity is excess body fat which is commonly measured through mass index which is a ratio of body weight to height, so people are considered obese when their mass index is of 30 or higher ( based on information from National Institutes of Health (NIH), in its Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults ( CGIETOOA) in year 1998) .Also, obesity is serious factor of risk for people because they are more susceptible to develop type 2 diabetes in which the body produces some but not enough insulin or is resistant to insulin; therefore, type 2 diabetes is associated to lack of physical activity. In other words, physical actives produce general health benefits such as blood sugar and pressure properly for adults and children because it is any form of exercise or movement such as household chores, yard work, walking, running, basketballs, or other sports.Moreover, insulin resistance has ob served metabolic abnormalities which are produced for morbidity, so obese subjects have this characteristic of insulin resistance because they lack of physical activities. In the second place, obesity is connect to diet improperly that has high levels of calories more than the body can metabolize, and this type of eating disorders has been result of fast food. In particular, people who eat more calories which are acquired through fast food or unhealthy food suffer of overweight.Too, overweight is characterized for abdominal fat that people can observe in increasing size of waist, hips, and deformation the body in specific areas. Due to, eating disorders produce overweight the metabolic body start to suffer changes that affected to insulin production because overeating produces a fighting into insulin production, so the body does not use insulin well and the result is unbalance in blood sugar level and people become in diabetics. Third, genetic frequently produce obesity that develop s diabetes.In this case, genetic is derived from parents or close relatives, so children are who suffers lineal consequences from obesity because it generally occurs in first year of life. Mainly, children are diagnostic diabetics because their bodies develop an insulin resistance or the pancreas does not produce insulin. As well, rare illnesses produce obesity as hypothyroidism which is disease produced abnormality of thyroid gland that does not produce quantities of hormone properly, among others.Finally, obesity is a cause of diabetes, but obesity generally develops type 2 diabetes which has a treatment through pills, diet and exercise, and this type of diabetes produce a codependency to pills. Typically, codependency to medicaments has raised abruptly, so this produce high expenditure in prescription medicines. Moreover, if population does not deplete the tendency of this disease, the expenses for effects of diabetes as hospital and physician too could continue incrementing. In effect, prescription medicines to treat diabetes increased 85. percent in the period of 1996 to 2003 (Olin, Gary 2006). To conclude, obesity that is risk factor for diabetes can avoid it through little changes in diet and style life more dynamic, so these little changes give positive effect economic and healthy. Second, the production of blood sugar levels is produced for genetic which is linked to factors as family history, racial and ethnic groups, metabolic reaction on diet , and rare gene. In addition, family history has an important connection with diabetes because this disease can be transmitted through of genes.In other words, diabetes has produced for a genetically disorder, so children born with diabetes because they have first degree relatives which are diabetics. Moreover, this characteristic is type1 diabetes in where the pancreas produces little or no insulin, so type 1 diabetics are insulin dependent and they daily need insulin shots to live. Furthermore, this type dia betes occurs in children, adolescents and adults, and type 1 diabetes is the most severe form of this disease in which people suffer serious complications of health as amputations, dialysis, diabetic comas, among others.Consequently, diabetics who suffer type 1 have more expenditure of hospital and treatment because their body develops complex situations of health. Next, racial and ethnic groups has a genetic predisposition diabetes, so natives and diverse tribes as American and Australian have people who suffer of diabetes. For example, some investigation have find that tribes in Arizona Pima and Papago their ethnic populations have the highest incidence of diabetes in the world, Seri a tribe in Mexico has suffered diabetes, and the Aborigines in Australia have developed diabetes (Nabhan, Gary Paul, 2004).In particular, ethnic groups , indigenous, native Americans, aborigines have involved diabetes (Nabhan, Gary Paul, 2004). Besides, the relation between racial and ethnic groups wh o has developed diabetes is caused for metabolic reaction on diet that has changed abruptly because their native food was plants which slow sugar and water loss qualities, so their metabolisms have adapted over time to the presence desert food.As a result, racial and ethic groups have changed native food by fast food, so the incidence of diabetes skyrocketed with heart disease and high cholesterol due to the metabolic reaction of these racial groups is different genetically. Another, factor is linked to appear of diabetes is particular gene called thrifty gene that indigenous hunter and gatherers have presumed to maintain as an adaptation to a feast –famine existence, so this thrifty gene has attributed the difference in blood insulin (Originally hypothesized by Neel, James in 1962).Subsequently, syndrome X (Nabhan, Gary Paul, 2004). has linked to genetic as responsible of appears diabetes, so racial and ethnic groups has increased risk of diabetes because they have access to groceries, alcohol and cigarettes and these groups expressed a cluster of conditions as high blood pressure, high triglycerides, cholesterol and obesity. Finally, ethnic groups have increased their predisposition of diabetes, and this produce more medical expenses to families who have relatives with diabetes.Finally, levels of blood sugar are lead to stress that is related to endocrine system, psychological aspects, and socioeconomic aspects. First, stress which is the state manifested by reaction that induced changes in biological system produces blood sugar improperly, and the endocrine system includes the master glands which are part of pancreas concerned with sugar metabolism. Second, an important part is the reaction of hypothalamus that is part of brain, so when a person is under physical or emotional stress its cerebral cortex sends messages at the hypothalamus.Then, hypothalamus produces releasing factors and these stimulate a part called the pituitary that secrete Adrenoco rticotropic hormones (ACTH) outer part of adrenal gland, in turn releases the glucocorticoid hormones that is blood and sugar raising, and TTH the thyroid gland secrete other substances. Consequently, ACTH and TTH thus cooperate in preparing the body to meet challenge of stress by making sugar available for cellular metabolism by increasing the metabolic rate of the cells.Moreover, a person that exposed a serious levels of stress repeats this process before mentioned sometimes, and this subject is exposed high blood sugar during this time so this person can develop diabetes, occasionally. Another aspect that is linked to stress is psychological that occurs when people are exposed to emotional circumstances, so diabetes appears when significant changes occurred in a person’s life .For example, adolescents who have attitudes and patterns of life adjustment, so they acquired the diabetes in middle age because a prominent though often suppressed of repressed conviction of having been starved of maternal love; in some cases caused for death of mother or a divorce. Inevitably, adolescents substitute calories for emotional nourishment, and teenagers with this emotional deprivation acquire a simulation of starvation that contributes a process of diabetes.Clearly, adolescents disturb their metabolism, so they involve in problem of obesity because adolescents suffer of night eating that only is one expression of emotional state; in these cases (Wolff, Harol G. in 1968) the therapy of obesity with problems of life adjustment is needed for releasing of depression. As well, socioeconomic aspects of stress have been incidents of diabetes, and people, who are involved in stressed situation because their low income and economic insecurity, are more predispose to illness.To illustrate, people that cope with urban poverty their life expectancy is less because they suffer chronic illness as heart, asthma, and diabetes. Furthermore, urban poverty is linked to inferior educ ation, racial discrimination, overcrowding, and crimes, among others; all these are factors stressors that affect the emotional balance of body, and these stressors become a chronic condition for residents. Consequently, stress is reaction of body when residents are exposed or involved to abnormal conditions which are ecological, psychological, social, biological, socioeconomics, genetic, among others.As a result, illnesses that are caused by stress as diabetes have incremented expenditure attributable to prescription medicines, hospitalization, medical appointments, and virtually diabetes caused for stress require a complex treatment physical and psychological for its management properly. On the whole, families could suffer financial problems by diabetes because this disease produces medical events. In short, diabetes is a chronic disease that affects insulin production of body, and the most common causes of this illness are obesity, predisposition genetic, and high or abnormal lev els of stress.Also, statistical data show high expenditures attributable to diabetes in United States mainly for hospitalization, medication, and physician support in managing this disease. In addition, obesity and the stress that are two of the three most common causes of diabetes will avoid through simple methods or routine that residents add to style life. For example, residents will avoid eating fast food and replace for health food, or they will try to practice sports. Moreover, citizens will look for method or technique that combats to stress properly.On the other hand, predisposition genetic that is one cause of diabetes will result complex situation, but this risk factor will be managing through of diagnostic pre-diabetes. In other words, financial costs will be regularized or controlled when communities and residents join and realize health programs about prevention and control of diabetes. Inevitably, this problematic situation requires of teamwork, and control of diabetes will reflect in billon dollars. Finally, population will be awareness that serious disease called diabetes has preventable.Work Cited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. â€Å"National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates andgeneral information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011†. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. â€Å"Economic Costs Of Diabetes In The U. S. In 2007. † Diabetes Care 31. 3 (2008): 596-615. MEDLINE. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. Gordo, James S. Stress Management. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2001. pp. 13-52 Leahy Jack L. , Nathaniel G. Clark, and William T. Cefalu.Medical Management Of Diabetes Mellitus. M. Dekker, 2000. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 1 Apr. 2012. Liberatore, Stephanie. †Q: what causes diabetes, and how does it affect a person’s health? † The Science teacher 76. 6 (2009):68. General OneFile. Web. 27 Mar. 201 2. Nabhan, Gary Paul. Why Some Like It Hot: food, genes, and cultural diversity. United Stated of America: Island Press, 2004. pp. 163-185 Olin, G. Proportion and Medical Expenditures of Adults Being Treated for Diabetes, 1996 and 2003.Statistical Brief #146. October 2006. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,Rockville, Md. http:/www. meps. ahrq. gov/mepsweb/data-files/publications/st146. pdf Paul, Tim Dall, and Plamen Nikolov. â€Å"Economic Costs Of Diabetes In The US In 2002. † Diabetes Care 26. 3 (2003): 917-932. MEDLINE. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. Peacock, Judith. â€Å"Chapter #1: What Is Diabetes?. † Diabetes (0-7368-0277-0). 4. Capstone Press, 2000. Health Source – Consumer Edition. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. Wollff, Harold G. Stress and Disease. Washington: Charles C Thomas, 1968. pp. 92-97

The Man of a Million Faces essays

The Man of a Million Faces essays The Man of a Million Faces Jim Carrey is a man who excels at the field of comedy and acting. The reason that he excels is that he is very down to earth, his personality personifies how a lot of teenagers act and feel today, and he is extremely popular. James Eugene Carrey seems to be one of the most down to earth people that you will ever see on television. Whether it is on the Tonight Show or Entertainment Tonight, Jim can turn any dull moment into something comedic. When I was recently reading about him I found out that although he is a superstar he enjoys many of the same things that us regular people like. For example Jims favorite kind of food is sandwiches, chips, and a little bowl of ice cream for dessert. He really is not in to the whole glamorous celebrity thing. He enjoys the simple things in life. I also learned that Jim loves cartoons and his favorite character is Deputy Dog. Jim also wears something that a lot of men and women wear, Fruit of the Loom underwear. According to my reading they are the undergarments of choice for a lot of celebrities. Finally, and I think this is more than anyone needs to know, Jim prefers Charmin toilet paper. I do not know why anyone would really care about this but it was listed as a fact about him. Another reason that he is so good at what he does is that he acts just like the kids that are watching his movies. After a Jim Carrey movie is released I suggest that you listen to a few conversations among teenagers. You are almost assured the latest Jim Carrey quote, and you can be sure that an impersonation is not far behind. There is just something about what he says that sticks in teenagers minds. Something else that sets Jim apart from all the rest is his uncanny way of making faces. Sometimes you have to wonder if his jaw is dislocated. He can do things with his mouth no other human can accomplish. It is unbelievabl...

Heres Everything You Need to Know About Et Al.

Heres Everything You Need to Know About Et Al. Who speaks Latin anymore? Really, very few people do, however Latin phrases or abbreviations are abundant in English academic writing. Despite their initial confusion, they end up saving space and creating a more uniform format. So, if youve encountered one of these phrases- et al. for example- youll eventually find it useful in your academic research.Think of it like riding a bike: Once you understand the concept, the rest is easy!Et al. means and othersEt al. has come to represent three different Latin phrases, particularly et alia (neuter plural), et alii (masculine plural), and et aliae (feminine plural). The definition from Merriam-Webster is and others.Photo by Jordan Donaldson , the correct way to punctuate it is to include a period at the end. Since et means and, there is no reason to put a period following it. Also, there is no reason to put et al. in italics, even though it is a Latin phrase (mainly because it has been used in the English language for hundreds of years).A l ook at an exampleTo see how et al. is used in an academic work, lets take a look at a sample paper pulled from the APA (American Psychological Association) website.Looking back at page two in the paper, The effects of age in the detection of emotion, youll see the following citation:(Carretie, Hinojosa, Marin-Loeches, Mecado Tapia, 2004).This is the first reference to this particular study, which according to APA rules, must include all authors names when initially mentioned.Now, moving to page four, at the top of the page, we see the following group of citations:(Calvo Lang, 2004; Carretie et al., 2004; Juth, Lundqvist, Karlsson, Ohman, 2005; Nummenmaa et al., 2006).The mention of Carretie et al., 2004 is referring to the same study we saw cited on page two. The only difference is the fact that it is no longer being mentioned for the first time. Now, throughout the rest of the paper, the author can use et al. to refer to Carreties research writing partners without having to list all their names. The only exception is when listing it in the bibliography, works cited, or reference list- it must then include all authors names in the citation.More examplesAlthough et al. is mostly seen in academic writing contexts, it can also be used in less formal writing, while still maintaining the meaning and others. Here are some examples:Lets pack a picnic basket, with sandwiches, fruit, wine, cheese, et al.The loan officer wants paperwork turned in as soon as possible, including bank statements, tax documents, paycheck stubs, et al.Winter is finally here- ice, sleet, et al.

How NOT to Go Crazy or 7 Essay Writing Hacks You Need to Overtake

How NOT to Go Crazy or 7 Essay Writing Hacks You Need to Overtake How NOT to Go Crazy or 7 Essay Writing Hacks You Need to Overtake If you are searching for essay writing hacks on how to write a paper, then look over the tips below. This style of writing does not actually alter the writing you do, but rather, has an influence on the format of the final piece you write. If the piece you are writing is something scientifically based, something that is research heavy, then you will need the following sections: Hack #1: Do Your Abstract Last It is common to want to get the shortest part of the essay writing done first, but don’t. You will get the work done faster if you wait until the end. Remember, this is a short, 200 to 300 word paragraph that serves as a complete summary of the entire piece you wrote, with approximately one sentence for each of the main sections. Hack #2: Write an Introduction at the End of the Line Save your introduction until you have finished the body content. Believe us, it will be much easier to write it after you have all the aces in your hand. Hack #3: Use Only Relevant Data When you provide your reader with background information, make sure it is relevant and that you review things which they will need only in order to better understand your argument. Hack #4: Explain Your Research in Detail When writing the methodology, explain what you did in your research and how you conducted it. You want this part of the work to be so detailed that someone reading it could recreate what you did exactly and find the same results. Hack #5: Show the Bigger Picture When you present your findings/results, don’t just say what they are. Explain how it fits into the bigger picture. Hack #6: Thoroughly Check Your Formatting Make sure to properly format each area of the work. You will lose more points on papers for improper format and layout than you will for the writing itself. If your content is not research based, and is merely a creative writing piece, then you do not need any of these headings or subheadings and instead can just format the title page and references in accordance with the requirements. That means you need your title, your name, and your university in the middle of the title page, centered in the page. Overall, following these simple hacks will help you to get your papers written, and done well. You will avoid losing grade points and will be able to submit your work with pride.

Economics Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics Environment - Essay Example The central bank of the economy takes its part for issuing such government debts by debt selling in the bond market and in the debt market. Generally the financial institutions of the economy buy such government bonds but the individual citizens of the nation are also allowed to buy the bonds and the national savings certificates. However, when the government caries forward a budget deficit plan regarding its public expanses for a very long time period, the total amount of deficit then called as government debt. In this situation some part of spending of the government used for reimbursement of such debts. (Budget Deficit, n.d.). A deficit financing through public borrowing generally leads to increase in aggregate demand in the economy and therefore stimulate the economic activities so as to increase the growth and level of employment in the economy. At the end of the Second World War Britain got relief from the huge deficits of the war. Government expenditure was mobilized to the other sectors of the economy. But with the rise of military expenditure in 1950 in Korea, the UK government had to take a deficit budgetary policy that led the amount of deficit to reach to almost 4 percent of GDP in 1953. With the entering in the period of cold war Britain took the policy of fiscal activism between 1950 and 1960. The amount of deficit fluctuated from 2 to 3 percent of GDP in almost every year up to 1967 when the deficit rouse again to 4 percent of the GDP. The government immediately took fiscal tightening measurements that ultimately resulted in surplus in 1969 and 1970. However, fluctuation inn deficit became ver y apparent after 1970 and in 1973 the deficit again came back to 4 percent of GDP. The situation further eroded when the deficit touched almost 7.3 percent in 1975 with the significant effect of the post war recession. This situation insisted the

The History of the Management in Business Essay

The History of the Management in Business - Essay Example Porter’s Five Force model is a set of analytic techniques to develop a strategy by looking at five competitive forces to position an organization and its activities so that its product or service is different and cannot be imitated by rivals or potential rivals. Of these, three forces are acting on Kao’s failure to grow its Western markets: bargaining power of buyers (Kao’s cheap image and reputation as a novice), threat of substitutes, and intensity of rivalry (competitors better at marketing high-end/high priced products). Porter then recommends that an organization choose one of three generic strategies – over-all cost leadership, differentiation, or focus – so it can compete and achieve sustainable profitability. How can we explain Kao’s success in cost leadership and differentiation? An explanation is its value chain, a framework introduced by Porter to analyze an organization’s internal capability to support and reinforce a chose n generic strategy. Kao’s internal capabilities and competencies (as we shall next see) helped it succeed in two generic strategies, although its failure to make buyers want its product means that it needs to make adjustments. Kao can satisfy the buyer’s bargaining power by improving its image through advertising and marketing, minimise the threat of substitutes by introducing quality but lower-priced products using its cost leadership and product differentiation advantages, and match the intensity of the rivalry.... buyers (Kao's cheap image and reputation as a novice), threat of substitutes (similar products familiar to the market), and intensity of rivalry (competitors better at marketing high-end/high priced products). Porter then recommends that an organisation choose one of three generic strategies - over-all cost leadership, differentiation, or focus - so it can compete and achieve sustainable profitability. How can we explain Kao's success in cost leadership and differentiation An explanation is its value chain, a framework introduced by Porter5 to analyse an organisation's internal capability to support and reinforce a chosen generic strategy. Kao's internal capabilities and competences (as we shall next see) helped it succeed in two generic strategies, although its failure to make buyers want its product means that it needs to make adjustments. Kao can satisfy the buyer's bargaining power by improving its image through advertising and marketing, minimise threat of substitutes by introdu cing quality but lower-priced products using its cost leadership and product differentiation advantages, and match the intensity of rivalry by deploying trained managers who know the culture to market products in the west. Using the so-called RBV (resource-based view) of strategy, which proposes that competitive advantage can stem from firm-specific skills and resources6, we see Kao as a collection7 of productive resources8 (brand name, quality products, employee loyalty), capabilities9 (unique combination of cross-functional business processes, Hansha information system, the way its workers interact, and how its management leads by example), and competences10 (intuitive learning environment and long-term focus). Kao must use these resources, capabilities, and competences in developing

A short SF story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

A short SF story - Essay Example They did not succeed, however, in achieving improvements on scientific matters, since their resources were scarce. They sensed that something was missing that could improve their lives. They needed to become strong and fearless of what they would encounter on the surface, an unknown site to them. Eager to wonder into the unknown they set off into their voyage. They had old technologies that they managed to acquire from their ancestors from the 21st Century. They thought that the key elements to their science inquiries would be found in the old human beings ´ technologies. They thought that if they worked on some of the technological paradigms that they had on file, they could reconstruct a better life for their species. They would be able to enjoy a surface they had no idea of what to expect. Everything would be new to them and perhaps they would find other survivors, other species, and other galaxies. They had difficulties working with the technology they found since it was outdated and they lacked the necessary tools to update it to function according to their needs. Due to the fact that they had lived underground for so long and were constantly experimenting, they were ingenious and found ways to adapt the technological devices according to their needs. The survivor idea was both a good feeling as well as a bad feeling. They would possibly find good natured species that would want the wellbeing of all but they could also find minds with destructive thoughts, such as the ones that brought them to what they had become. It was not an easy decision to make. They wanted to expand their knowledge, travel into the galaxy, and help endure life as they knew it. Fortunately, they had the reproductive means to continue for generations but they wanted to improve their species. They wanted to become that which they were in the 21st Century with major improvements. They thought that the only way to achieve their goal would be to find

Leadership in the accounting profession Research Paper

Leadership in the accounting profession - Research Paper Example The integrative leadership model will be applied to understand the important system of leadership in accounting profession. 2.0- LEADERSHIP IN A BROADER PERSPECTIVE AND IN ACCOUNTING PROFESSION The role of leaders in every organization has gained a critical importance. Organizations increasingly focus on developing leaders along with managers. There are different leadership styles or approaches that plays effective role in different scenarios. The leader is often the main force to drive the organization to success. Leaders in the organization direct the structure of organization, the culture and ethical values in the organization for contribution towards goal. Leaders actually develop the road map for the organization. Example, of Tim Cook at Apple, Jeff Bazos at Amazon and many more have led to the success stories for the organizations (Williams, 2013). Leadership can be present at any level of hierarchy such as strategic managers, middle-level managers, functional managers and oper ational managers. Accountancy profession has been witnessed to rely increasingly on the accounting curricula. Accounting field, since recent past, has realized the growing importance of developing leadership mindset among accounting students to successfully deal with the growing challenges of the practical field. 3.0- INTEGRATED LEADERSHIP MODEL The systematically defined model of leader’s role in professional service firms (PSFs) could better define the role a leader is required to play in the firm. Integrated model of leadership shall clearly define the combined role of employees with mindset of understanding â€Å"to whom they are leaders†. This clearly outclasses the performance of distant roles of liked and imposed jobs (Delong, Gabarro, and Lees, 2007). According to the model there are three major responsibilities that leader possess in the firm that are setting direction, building commitment and ensuring execution. The graphical representation of the model is as follows: (Delong, Gabarro, and Lees, 2007) 3.1- SETTING DIRECTION Direction determination is the necessary element for every organization and leader stands with a direction. Direction shall lead to the vision of the organization. In the new paradigm, it shall be taken as the major responsibility by the leaders to set the direction for the employees for to keep them on the desirable track (Delong, Gabarro, and Lees, 2007). 3.2- BUILDING COMMITMENT The involvement of all the employees including him/ her should be considerable in related company matters. Leaders shall take it as a responsibility to have consistent involvement of every employee in company matters and decision making. This activity contains all the employees on the same path in the organization (Delong, Gabarro, and Lees, 2007). 3.3- ENSURING EXECUTION Good leader not only formulate the strategies but they also ensure the execution and evaluation of each planned activity and its execution. Professionals and leader must be accountable for the execution of the strategies. Also evaluation and analysis at every stage about the effectiveness of the implemented strategy is important. Execution does not only mean implementing the strategy but it requires gaining the full planned benefit (Delong, Gabarro, and Lees, 2007). 3.4- SETTING PERSONAL EXAMPLE Position of this aspect being

The extra credit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The extra credit - Essay Example There are negative effects of these externalities in production for instance; industrial pollution causes the marginal social cost (MSC) to curve higher than the private marginal cost (MPC). The externality for this discussion will be sea pollution by water vessels. Sea pollution occurs due to oil spillage from ships and sea vessels on transit, especially in cases of accidents or leakage. Other forms of pollution by the sea vessels are from discharging domestic wastes into the sea when the vessel is in transit. Passenger ships are the main dischargers of domestic effluent into the sea such as kitchen wastes and waste from sanitation areas. Other pollution may be from chemicals, and garbage from the sea vessel that find their way into the water during transit. Scrapping of old ships on beaches may also pollute the water is the scrap metal, paints, and pieces find their way into the water. However, most of the sea pollution comes from people living near the beaches, when they dispose chemicals, soil, oil, and rubbish into the sea. Disposal of Bunker oil from cargo ship is very dangerous and toxic to the sea creatures and is very difficult to clean sea pollution is bad for the society as it destroys the marine ecosystem by killing the aquatic plan ts organisms. There are some policies to control sea pollution in various countries such as government intervention through regulations, which include taxing polluters and forcing the polluters to compensate the affected. International regulations to prevent marine pollution from ships aim at preventing and lowering ship pollution. Port waste management under Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels highlights the requirements for all vessels to give a prior notice to the port on the waste onboard. The vessels should also offload the waste at the port and pay for waste discharge facilities. All ships of between 150

The balanced scorecard approach can be used with an appropriate Assignment

The balanced scorecard approach can be used with an appropriate planning and control system to implement a process based approac - Assignment Example Focusing on this aspect, the paper defines the relationship of BSC with process based approach of organisational management. Furthermore, the paper also provides recommendations regarding the use of BSC for the enhancement of process performance. Keywords: BSC, Process Based Approach, Planning and Control, Performance 1. INTRODUCTION Process based approach is a managerial method that administers the viewpoints and the activities of an organisation. Process based approach is a perspective used for managing different operations and is related with organisational vision, mission and values. Process based approach is concerned with the accomplishment of vision rather than the fulfilment of specific activities and individual functions. It is also useful for evaluating organisational performance. In the context of process based approach, Balanced Scorecard (BSC) can add value by proper planning and control system (Karel, 2012). 1.1 Basic Tenets of Balanced Scorecard Approach MacLellan (200 7) states that foundational tenets of BSC include proper alignment of organisational strategies, interpretation of strategies in functional terms, making accomplishment of strategies as a regular part of job, making strategic tasks a constant procedure, and mobilising changes through appropriate leadership. Appendix A shows the basic tenets of BSC approach. The study of National Rural Health Resource Center (2010) defies five key tenets of BSC approach namely: Readiness Evaluation: Before implementing BSC, it is vital that organisational leaders such as Chief Executive Officer (CEO), directors and managers are completely committed to the operational process with respect to participation, abstract understanding and communication. Without commitment, the outcome of BSC can be jeopardised. Leadership Engagement: For successful BSC implementation, organisations must ensure proper leadership engagement. It is essential that organisational leaders are completely involved in the developmen t of BSC in order to maintain proper performance standards (Isoraite, 2008). Better Understanding of BSC: It is imperious for organisational leaders to have good understanding about BSC concept and also to educate others regarding its features. The key constituent of successful BSC approach is clear communication about BSC within the organisation. Identification of Key Indicators: One of the key tenets of BSC is the identification of indicators that can accurately evaluate the accomplishment of organisational objectives. There must also be proper relationship between chosen strategies and overall organisational mission. Establishment of Long-term Sustainability: Implementation of BSC cannot be accomplished instantaneously. Proper application of BSC necessitates time along with changes in the organisation at every level (National Rural Health Resource Center, 2010). 1.2 Essentials of a Successful Process Based Approach to Organisational Management The roadmap for successful process b ased approach is proper communication of organisational vision, development of classified model of business process, determination of performance methods for every process, establishment of measurement approaches, removal of process distinction where appropriate and constant improvement of performance of targeted processes (Leonardo Consulting, 2010). 1.3 Study Objectives Based on process based approach to organisational management, the study intends to discuss how BSC can be used in process based app

The extra credit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The extra credit - Essay Example There are negative effects of these externalities in production for instance; industrial pollution causes the marginal social cost (MSC) to curve higher than the private marginal cost (MPC). The externality for this discussion will be sea pollution by water vessels. Sea pollution occurs due to oil spillage from ships and sea vessels on transit, especially in cases of accidents or leakage. Other forms of pollution by the sea vessels are from discharging domestic wastes into the sea when the vessel is in transit. Passenger ships are the main dischargers of domestic effluent into the sea such as kitchen wastes and waste from sanitation areas. Other pollution may be from chemicals, and garbage from the sea vessel that find their way into the water during transit. Scrapping of old ships on beaches may also pollute the water is the scrap metal, paints, and pieces find their way into the water. However, most of the sea pollution comes from people living near the beaches, when they dispose chemicals, soil, oil, and rubbish into the sea. Disposal of Bunker oil from cargo ship is very dangerous and toxic to the sea creatures and is very difficult to clean sea pollution is bad for the society as it destroys the marine ecosystem by killing the aquatic plan ts organisms. There are some policies to control sea pollution in various countries such as government intervention through regulations, which include taxing polluters and forcing the polluters to compensate the affected. International regulations to prevent marine pollution from ships aim at preventing and lowering ship pollution. Port waste management under Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels highlights the requirements for all vessels to give a prior notice to the port on the waste onboard. The vessels should also offload the waste at the port and pay for waste discharge facilities. All ships of between 150

Critically discuss the extent to which HPWPs may be successfully Research Paper

Critically discuss the extent to which HPWPs may be successfully implemented - Research Paper Example Basically, it can be noted that there is no universally agreed definition of HPWP but there are three key characteristics that are shared by many advocates of this model. The key attributes of this model are as follows: HPWP seeks to generate performance through the utilisation of practices which secure mutual gains for both the employees and employers, employees are treated as valuable assets and this model involves bundling of practices which yield combined benefits that are greater than the sum of their individual parts (McDuffie 1995). In order to effectively implement HPWP in the workplace, Huselid (1995) identifies three practices that are key attributes and these include the following: comprehensive recruitment and selection procedures, incentive compensation as well as extensive employee involvement and training. Employees form the back bone of every organisation hence effective recruitment as well as improving their performance are the major factors that determine success of business during the contemporary period. In most cases, employee recruitment mainly depends on the available human resources tools and their ability to cope with the environment they will be operating in. Thus, recruitment of skilled and qualified employees is a vital strategy for an organisation to function successfully with regards to high performance work practices. For any organisation to run viably, there is need to recruit the best talent in the first place as these people would be capable of being developed to become valuable assets to the organisation. The success of an organisation operating in a competitive market is mainly determined by its ability to recruit skilled people and this is a process which requires careful consideration. Recruitment involves searching for and obtaining qualified job candidates and it gives the organisation the opportunity to select the most appropriate persons to fill its job needs (Carrell, R. et al 1995). Effective recruitment often attract s individuals to the organisation and also increases the chances of retaining the individuals once they have been hired. Recruitment efforts seek to satisfy the needs of job applicants as well as the needs of managers. Recruiting the right staff is key to implementing a performance related strategy which encompasses retention of those skilled employees. In most cases, such specialist and skilled workers may be in short supply and a company may find it difficult to replace the experienced workers and training of individual employees with more skills in particular jobs. As far as these measures are put in place, the performance of the employees is likely to improve greatly given that there will be more incentives to create a sense of belongingness to the organisation by the employees. In most cases, it can be noted that organisations are run on the basis of various decisions that are made within any particular organisation. In practice, decision

Characteristics Of The Fast Food Sector Business Essay

Characteristics Of The Fast Food Sector Business Essay There is a number of fast food brands in Srilanka and fast food outlets in Colombo can be successful over other fast food outlets in other areas of srilanka because Colombo is the commercial city and capital of Srilanka with a large number of busy population. Most of rich people live in Colombo as there is easy access to everything. Colombo is divided into more than 10 parts for easy identification that are colombo1, Colombo 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ colombo7à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Colombo 12. Colombo 1, 2,3and 7 are the popular destinations for high profit seeker fast food outlets as there is a large number of people who dont care price. In Colombo, most fast food outlets target upper class upper middle class people only and sell junk food and beverages which contain chemicals that injurious to health. Although, and some target everybody and sell healthy food and beverages. So, there is a deficit of the high quality fast food outlets which focus everybody and sell affordable and healthy products. There is a market that can be appealed. Research objective This research will look into the internal and external barriers and find out ways and means of overcoming those identified and potential barriers for succeeding. Major objectives of this research as follows and segmented under 3 areas for better understanding and explanation. Major challenges when starting up a new fast food outlet and to survive Current trends Unique hot selling food and beverages Other international and local fast food brands in Colombo People attitudes towards fast food Poor Employee retention and satisfaction Unnecessary costs Benefits of selling healthy food and beverages Benefits to society Benefits to the outlet itself Finding possibility of selling quality and healthy fast food and beverages at low prices Identifying current healthy fast food and beverages Identifying market places that sell quality ingredients for healthy food and beverage Research background Most of the hotel restaurants are situated in Colombo 1, 2, 3,4and 7 including 5 star hotels. There is a number of fast food brands that are Belly Buster, Belliniss, Bros T, Mr. Chicos Texas, Nandos, Deli market restaurant, Dine Mor, Dominos Pizza, Hotel De Hijra, Mc Donalds, Hotel De Pillawoos, Pizza Hut, KFC, Crescat Boulevard, Majestic city food court, Excel world Food Court, etc. Most of the hotel restaurents are diversified and they sell fast food. So, there is a huge competition to attract customers and this has lead to selling anything to make profits. Research problem Most of the fast food outlets are catering upper class and upper middle class (selling non affordable fast food) and selling non-healthy food beverages. No fast food outlet in Colombo seems to get off the current pattern. So this situation will be good enough to enter this business using a research with a new theme like quality healthy food and beverages to everybody. If there is a possibility of starting up a new fast food outlet to outlet affordable quality and healthy fast food and beverages, how good it is. People in Colombo or customers buy those highly priced and non-healthy food and beverages. Maybe, they are already informed of the bad effects of eating non-healthy junk food and the reason is they have no other option like, high quality fast food outlets which sell affordable healthy products. So, if I could develop recipes for making healthy food and beverages at low prices and buy fresh vegetables and fruits at low prices it will be quite possible to sell affordable healthy food and beverages using strategies. In order to achieve this aim those issues need to be addressed. Research methodology This study will adopt qualitative research with the use of questionnaires, observations and interviews and to refer and study profitable and successful fast food outlets, success stories, etc. The questionnaire is designed for measuring the customers attitudes, perception and behavior when choosing the fast food outlets One or two successful fast food outlets managers and its employees (especially waitresses and waiters) and one or two fast food outlets managers and its employees in fast food outlets which compete to get an adequate amount of consumers would be interviewed A few fast food outlets in particular areas which attract more people than others and what people most consume at each fast food outlet and what the busiest day of each week is for each fast food outlet will be observed. Research tools Data collection methods and instruments- questionnaires Interviews (only selected personnel) Observations Characteristics of the fast food sector The fast food sector is one of the sectors of the food service industry. Quick service- food and beverages need to be served very quickly. There should not be too much waiting to serve products. Ease of access- fast food outlets should be easily accessible. Flexibility- fast food outlets should be ready to accept returns or any customer request to change what they have already bought. Limitation of the study As mentioned below, there were limitations and difficulties such as; Very limited local resources were available for reference Some waiters and waitresses were reluctant to be interviewed. There are a number of fast food brands in Colombo and therefore, some of them could not be studied Chapter 1 summary This is initially more focused on the introduction and background of the research by giving a brief introduction to the research. At the middle and latter parts of the chapter, it will elaborate the research objectives while taking about the nature of the fast food sector and research limitations. It has also discussed the significance and the gravity of the research and the research problem. Chapter 2 Literature review The term fast food relates to food that can be prepared quickly. Most of this popular type of food availed in packaged form called takeaways. The fast food industry has its roots in the for sale stands, that were part and parcel of ancient and East Asian societies. (Gaynor Borade, 2012) The concept of fast food is generally associated with urban development. Fast food outlets today are elaborate quick service outlets. The franchise operations have generated restaurant chains that offer standardized meals across the globe. On account of a low capital requirement and popularity of fast food, fast food restaurants and drive through outlets are common throughout the world. Also known as sit-ins.These restaurants cater to the dry food demands of the younger generation, extremely tight adult work schedule. (Gaynor Borade, 2012) Today, some fast food outlets sell dangerous food which contains chemicals that are injurious to health. Favorite chemicals used as part of the food making process are -titanium dioxide(found in dressings), azodicarbonamide (found in some subway breads),sodium phosphate(found in coffee in fast food joints)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Uttara Manohar,2012). Health problems that are brought on because of regular junk food eating-asthma, strokes, type 2 diabetes, cancer, liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. (Uttara Manohar, 2012) I found that some ladies and gentlemen have taken step forward written articles about the bad effects of fast food to convince people who are in the dark. They propose healthy food and beverages. Does any of this sound appetizing? I think not. To indulge once in a while is all right; after all you are human enough to have cravings. What you shouldnt do is indulge to a point where it qualifies as gluttony. Treat yourself to healthy homemade foods using fresh produce instead, coupling low-sodium ingredients and all-natural add-ons. Eat your favorite junk food meal twice a month, and not more. Spread the good word. (Uttara Manohar, 2012) Eating Junk food now lead to obesity among most of youngsters and adults. (Uttara Manohar, 2012) So, needs quality and healthy food beverages As a result of a recent health revolution, fast food chains and restaurants have started the integration of all possible food nutrition in their menu. Hamburgers and French fries are probably the most famous fast foods, are nowadays made with the help of healthy low cholesterol fats, lesser oil, and whole wheat breads. Many hamburgers nowadays, have a high content of salads and vegetables in them and are made with sauces and prickles that are rich in vitamins. The fries are nowadays not deep-fried and have a low content of oil in themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Scholasticus K, 2010). Not only healthy food, Cleanliness hygiene issues are relevant to the premises, equipment and staff. Tidy premises, smart uniforms and the use of protective gloves, for instance, can all have a positive effect on the perception of the food service operation as being clean and hygienic. (Cousins et al.2002) A fast food outlet which sells healthy products is identified social responsibility and it can make profits as there are well educated and sensible people who support by writing and becoming customers of the fast food outlet which sells quality and healthy food and beverages. Strategies Normally, if any business needs to survive, it must develop strategies as the environment is always changing. There are marketing strategies, pricing strategies, etc. There are various pricing methods such as; cost-plus, prime costing methods, backward pricing, rate of return pricing, profit per customer pricing, elasticity pricing and completion pricing(Cousins et al.2002).Marketing strategies, such as; market segmentation, porter generic strategies. There are numerous Pricing strategies such as; Loss leader, demand-based pricing, etc. One of the major marketing strategies is market segmentation. Researching the market will facilitate the identification of consumers needs, wants, demands, goals and values as they relate to food and beverage products (Cousins et al.2002).there are many different ways to segment a market such as; geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral segmentations. After well identifying all the market segments that we can approach with good products, we can be sure that our business will be successful as we can satisfy the customers needs with the right product and also we can then get customer loyalty which ensures continuation of the business. Price is the element of the meal experience that also relates to value (Cousins et al.2002). So, we need to ensure that there is strategic pricing where a high-priced product might not be perceived as a low quality product and also, a low priced product might not be perceived as a low quality product. Pricing strategies are so important to get customer loyalty. Social responsibility Recognizing social responsibility and being responsible for the welfare of the society can be ultimately a good strategy as there will be support from the society to keep the organization which has set a code of business and social ethics. Social responsibility objectives stress the ethical aspects of a food service organizations objectives. These include 1. Safety of products 2.working conditions 3.honesty for example, not offering or accepting bribes or other inducements, 4.equal opportunities and 5. Pollution and other environmental concerns (Cousins et al.2002). So, when we are running the business ethically and abiding by law, the ethical society will give their vote for continuation of the business. To indulge once in a while is all right; after all you are human enough to have cravings. What you shouldnt do is indulge to a point where it qualifies as gluttony. Treat yourself to healthy homemade foods using fresh produce instead, coupling low-sodium ingredients and all-natural add-ons. Eat your favorite junk food meal twice a month, and not more. Spread the good word. (Uttara Manohar, 2012) Employee motivation and retention To succeed in any business we need a good staff or human capital that can be effective and efficient. Therefore, a fast food outlet must have appropriate recruitment and selection strategies, the right HR policy, and should keep the existing staff motivated to get the maximum productivity of them and prevent labor turnover. When it comes to motivation of employees, we need to well understand and practice the current contemporary views and theories on motivation such as Elton Mayos the human relation movement,Rensis Likerts the four systems of management, Douglas McGregors theory X and Y, Fredrick Hertzbergs hygiene theory, Abraham Maslows hierarchy of human needs, Edgar Scheins the psychological contract and career anchor, Amitai Etzionis the managers power and workers power, Carrot and stick method, etc (CTH,2011). out of them, Maslows hierarchy of human needs and Hertzbergs two factor theories are well respected. Maslow proposed a hierarchy of universal human needs representing the order in which these needs become motivators of human behavior. Human beings needs and desires are inexhaustible. As soon as one need is satisfied another appears to take its place. This is one of the most influential theories on motivation as it describes human needs and desires divided into sets or levels. The sets are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, ego needs and self actualization. Hertzberg found that factors associated with the job environment such as; compensation, supervision, working conditions, company policy, so on, create dissatisfaction and unhappiness on the job when they are inadequate; they become dissatisfied. But removing the causes of dissatisfaction doesnt create satisfaction and it therefore doesnt motivate performance. Hertzberg called these factors hygiene factors (maintenance factors). Hertzberg found that the factors that motivate consists of opportunities in the job itself for achievement and growth such factors as recognition, achievement, advancement, responsibility, the work itself. He called these factors motivators. To start up a new fast food outlet other than buildings and equipment we need to understand corporate social responsibility that is ensuring that the fast food outlet sell quality and healthy products, the environment is not being polluted, etc , must have good strategies to win the competition and make more profits, and a great staff who can be productive. Chapter 2 summary This chapter is about literature reviews, various strategies, arguments and thoughts. At the beginning, it discusses origin of fast food outlet and at the middle; it discusses healthy and non healthy fast food beverages and its effects with reviews. At the end, the current marketing strategies which are essential to survive are discussed and one of the crucial parts that need to be addressed to succeed a business is employee satisfaction and retention is discussed. Chapter 3 Research methodology This chapter will discuss and emphasize on the methodology of this research study. Initially, formation and conceptual framework is illustrated and thereafter, it will discuss selection methods of data, reviving, identifying of variables. Afterward, study development is shown. After this, the realization and practice of this study comes under the sections of sample selection, data collection method, and data analysis and summarizing. Micro culture(internal) Internal culture for starting up a new fast food outlet and survive Cost Employment and employee retention Location, etc. Macro culture(immediate) Influence of politics, promotions, etc. Increase of fast food outlets Peoples attitudes toward fast food, etc. External macro cultural issues Other competitive industries International fast food brands, etc. Factors influencing starting up a new fast food outlet and surviving The above segmented factors (micro culture, macro culture and external macro cultural issues) are being examined and assessed under organizational and national levels. Hypothesis development Three hypothesis have been developed to study the impact of the variables Hypothesis 1: Micro culture-high initial cost, difficulty of finding employees and retaining them, poor location and lack of customer attractions, competitors hot selling food and beverages will be the barriers to start up a new fast food outlet. Hypothesis 2: Macro culture- increase of low quality fast food outlets in Colombo and they are creating a bad picture amongst the existing fast food customers towards fast food outlets will result in difficulty of attracting customers and maintaining goodwill. Hypothesis 3: External macro cultural issues- international fast food brand outlets will do more promotional activities to attract more and more customers. As a result, the new fast food outlet will not be able to attract a plenty of customers. Operationalisation of variables Concepts Variables Indicators Source form How to find answers factors influencing starting up a new fast food outlet and surviving Internal culture for starting up a new fast food outlet and survive Cost Interviews with the fast food managers Employment and employee retention Interviews with the fast food managers Risks Interviews with the fast food managers Hot selling fast food and beverages Interviews with the fast food managers and questionnaires Macro culture(immediate) Increase of fast food outlets General opinion of the public questionnaires Political influence Competitors offers and promotions Observations and Interviews with the fast food managers Market place Interviews with the vendors External macro cultural issues International fast food brands in srilanka Interviews with the international fast food brand outlet managers. Other competitive industries Methodology Sampling and selection 10 customers of each of the fast food outlets ( Dine Mor, Pizza Hut, Mc Donalds, KFC, Mr. Burger King ( situated in the Malay street of Colombo 2) are taken as samples to get answers for a few questions which are included in the questionnaire. Data collection methods and instruments A questionnaire is used to find hot selling fast food and beverages among different age groups and General opinion of the public towards the fast food outlets Two or three successful fast food outlets managers including international fast food brand outlets and its employees (especially waitresses and waiters) and two or three fast food outlets managers and its employees in fast food outlets which compete to get an adequate amount of consumers would be interviewed to find answers for their cost of running the business, their classes of fittings and furniture, how they retain their employees, their hot selling products and how they interact with the public. Interviews are with vendors who sell quality ingredients for making healthy food and beverages. A few fast food outlets in particular areas which attract more people than others and what people most consume at each fast food outlet and what the busiest day of each week is for each fast food outlet will be observed. Data analysis As this is a qualitative research, this research would use deductive reasoning method. Chapter 3 summary This chapter discusses methodology of the research study. The structure, variables or the framework is considered. Thereafter, methodology, sample and data collection methods are declared. Chapter 4 Data presentation, Analysis and discussion This chapter is about data presentation, analysis and discussion. Most of the weighting is given to primary data since there was not a plenty of secondary data. It focuses on findings, discussion and analysis which cover hypothesis testing. Findings Data collected from the questionnaire 40 people were given the questionnaire. The findings are as follows; All the 50 people recommended Dine mor, Pizza Hut, Mc Donalds and KFC and only 19 recommended Mr. Burger king. 22 persons favorite fast food brand is Pizza Hut, 13 persons favorite brand is Mc Donalds and the rest 15 persons brand is KFC Their favorite fast food/s Fast food Number of the people Pizza 50 Hamburger 36 Chicken submarine 41 Veggie burger 37 Fried chicken 29 Other 23 Other included fried potatoes, fried meats, etc. Their favorite beverage/s Beverage Number of the people Soft drinks like, Coca Cola 50 Fruit juices (orange juice, avocado juice, etc) 50 Ice cream 45 Level of quality of the fast foods sold by the fast food outlets in Colombo Number of the people High (KFC, Pizza Hut, Mc Donalds, Dine Mor) 50 Satisfactory (Mr. Burger king) 27 Not satisfactory Time they consume fast food Number of the people At morning 7 At noon At evening 43 Number of the people who like healthy fast food and beverages is 40 ** Dine mor, Mc Donalds and KFC appear to be popular fast food brands in Colombo. Their favorite fast foods include pizza, burger and fried chicken. The people believe that level of quality of the fast food outlets (KFC, Mc Donalds, Pizza Hut, and Dine Mor) is high in Colombo. Majority of them consume fast foods at evenings. All of the people like healthy fast food and beverages. Information gathered from the interviews Cost -Average cost of the interviewed fast food outlets per month is more than Rs.300, 000 this figure includes production cost and general administration cost. -Initial cost to start a fast food outlet varies according to factors like, level of service, ambience, food and beverages, number of employees, etc. Risks -Food and beverages need to be processed in a quality setting otherwise they would be polluted. -Food and beverage production should be limited prior to the past experiences of selling. -employees would leave the organization if they are not well treated, etc. Employee retention -to retain employees there should be the right HR policy, effective employment of recruitment and selection strategies, reward systems, etc. Hot selling food and beverages -Pizza, burger, fried chicken, fried potatoes are amongst the hot selling fast foods and soft drinks like Coca Cola, fruit juices, ice creams are the hot selling beverages. Competitors offers and promotions -The competitors commonly use price reduction, buy one and get one for free promotion, free home delivery, etc. Raw material market place -prices of fruit and vegetables have been increased recently and every market place tend to sell their products at higher prices. However, directly buying from the farmers is the cheapest way but this involves additional costs such as transportation, labor costs, etc. Information gathered from the observations -The busiest times for Mc Donalds were during 3.00- 6.00 pm -The busiest times for KFC were during 4.00- 7.00 pm -The busiest times for Mr. Burger King were during 4.00-7.00 pm -The above fast food outlets have been serving for a plenty of customers at the above mentioned time ranges. -Most of the customers tended to consume fried chicken, fried potatoes, pizza and burgers. So, they were the hot selling fast foods at that time. -the hot selling beverages were fruit juices and cool coffee Analysis and discussion Analysis 1 Hypothesis 1: Micro culture-high initial cost, difficulty of finding employees and retaining them, poor location and lack of customer attractions, competitors hot selling food and beverages will be the barriers to start up a new fast food outlet. -High initial cost, difficulty of finding employees and retaining them, poor location and lack of customer attractions are the barriers to start up new fast food outlets. -Starting up of a new fast food in Colombo does not involve high initial cost, difficulty of finding of skillful employees and difficulty of retaining them, difficulty of finding a place full of customer attractions and difficulty of making competitive fast food and beverages. -Therefore, it is possible to start up this fast food outlet in Colombo. Discussion 1 High initial cost can be ignored due to that my budget is above the found average cost to run a fast food outlet in Colombo per month. Finding of skillful persons can be done using local sources such as recruitment agencies, newspaper advertisements, own website advertisements, etc. Retaining of them can be done as this research identified strategies such as motivation strategies, pricing strategies, etc. There were a number of places in Colombo which are full of customer attractions and a building can be taken on rent in such place in Colombo. Healthy fast food and beverages are going to be made with the peoples votes and so, these definitely have a market. Analysis 2 Hypothesis 2: Macro culture- increase of low quality fast food outlets in Colombo and they are creating a bad picture amongst the existing fast food customers towards fast food outlets will result in difficulty of attracting customers and maintaining goodwill. increase of low quality fast food outlets and they are creating a bad picture amongst the existing fast food customers towards fast food outlets result in difficulty of attracting customers and maintaining goodwill starting up of a new fast food outlet is not affected from increasing low quality fast food outlets in Colombo. -therefore, it is possible to start up this fast food outlet. Discussion 2 Most of the interviewed and the questionnaires peoples attitude towards fast food is positive as they say that they do not consume fast food on behalf of every meal. They voted for healthy fast food and beverages this means a fast food outlet that sell healthy fast food and beverages can be started. This fast food has no bad effect from the people as they like fast food outlets which sell quality and healthy food and beverages. Analysis 3 Hypothesis 3: External macro cultural issues- international fast food brand outlets will do more promotional activities to attract more and more customers. As a result, the new fast food outlet will not be able to attract a plenty of customers. -International fast food brand outlets do more and more promotional activities. -for starting a new fast food outlet, appropriate and competitive promotional activities were identified. -therefore, it is possible to attract a plenty of customers Chapter 4 summary Presentation, analysis and discussion of research findings were elaborated and at the same time, it compares developed hypotheses in relation with findings. Chapter 5 Conclusions and recommendations This researchs aim is to find possibility of starting up a new fast food outlet in Colombo. Therefore, this research looked into the internal and external barriers and found out ways and means of overcoming those identified and potential barriers for succeeding. When the following are satisfied it is possible to start up a new fast food outlet in Colombo. Starting up of a new fast food outlet in Colombo does not involve high initial cost, difficulty of finding of skillful employees and difficulty of retaining them, difficulty of finding a place full of customer attractions and difficulty of making competitive fast food and beverages Starting up of a new fast food outlet is not affected from increasing low quality fast food outlets in Colombo For starting a new fast food outlet, appropriate and competitive promotional activities were identified According to the research, therefore, it is possible to start up a new fast outlet in manta place, Colombo 2 which sells quality and healthy fast food and beverages. Recommendations -This fast food outlet should be open from 4.00-700 pm. -This fast food outlet should get star rating as soon as possible to prove its quality. -This fast food outlet should not sell soft drinks. -It should develop a menu of healthy fast food and beverages other than the current ones. -It should use more advertising to reach more customers. -It should sell fast food fried chicken, pizza, burger, etc without other ingredients which make people fatty. -It should have a good waste disposal system that ensures protection of the environment. -It should build attractive exterior to attract customers -It should maintain goodwill with customers Word count=4468 Reference list Books COUSINS, JOHN.FOSKETT, DAVID.GILLEPSIE, CAILEIN. (2002)Food and Beverage Management, second edn.Harlow: Pearson Education Limited JEFFREY, S. and CATHY, A. (2005) Hospitality Strategic Management, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Articles -Borade, GAYNOR. (2012) History of the Fast Food Industry. Fast food (March) Available from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-the-fast-food-industry.html -Jathar, rutuja. (2011) Junk Fast Food. Fast Food, (September) Available from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/junk-food-list.html -Manohar, uttara. (2012)Fast Food Facts: Effects of Fast Food. Fast Food, (March) Available from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/fast-food-facts-effects-of-fast-food.html Mascarenhas, cherly. (2012) Healthy Fast Food Drinks. Fast Food, (April) Available from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/healthy-fast-food-drinks.html -Perera, Mangala. (2012) Sri Lankas F and B industry now fastest growing sector. Business Times, (January) Available from: http://www.sundaytimes.lk/120122/BusinessTimes/bt10.html -CTH (2011) Human Resource Management Available from: www.cthresources.com , p. 24-34

Instant Messaging Essays -- Essays Papers

Instant Messaging Instant messaging is a tool used by a vast majority of Internet users. This new tools has some advantages and some disadvantages. IM is used a lot of the time in education. It’s used for recruiting and admissions, student-faculty communications, library consultations, group projects, and immediate feedback, and discussions during lectures. Businesses are also finding instant messaging useful, as well as the deaf community. Some of the disadvantages are that teachers don’t feel comfortable using IM, instant messaging might interfere with students work, and viruses can be passed via instant messaging through links. Instant messaging seems to have a more positive side than negative. Instant messaging has many benefits and that’s why so many people use it today. Instant messaging can happen instantly. One doesn’t have to sit around and wait for a response like with e-mail. Someone stated that, â€Å"You can check to see if a pal is online and available, key in a â€Å"Wassup?† and you’re chatting away† (Reid, 2004). Also, IM has a big impact on students. With instant messaging they’re able to, â€Å"create, join, leave, and rejoin at will what the Pew Internet group calls â€Å"virtual study groups† (Woods, 2002). There are always some communication delays because of dinner interruptions or a favorite television show may be on. A high school girl stated that, â€Å"Not only do I research online, but I also use it for chatting with people for school. If I forget an assignment or need assistance on a concept I cannot grasp, the Internet is an easy way for me to get in touch with a peer who might be an aid to me† (2002). If a student has a teacher’s screen name than he or she can get imm... ... American Life Project. Retrieved March 25, 2004 from Ebsco Host: http://web10.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=dbs+f5h%2Ceric+sid+8DCA235D%2DE69. Reid, Goldsborough. (2001). Instant Messaging for Instant Communications. Black Issues in Higher Education, 18. Retrieved March 25, 2004 from Ebsco Host: http://web10.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=dbs+f5h%2Ceric+sid+8DCA235D%2DE69. Robinson, Stacey. (2001). Morris Library serves students with instant messaging system. Retrieved March 22, 2004 from http://www.dailyegyptian.com/btc01/seca/im.html. Woods, Bob. (2002). Digital Divide between Students and Educators? Retrieved March 24, 2004 from http://www.instantmessagingplanet.com/public/print.php/10817_1447791. Yared, Diala. (2002). Instant Messaging. Retrieved March 28, 2004 from mason.gmu.edu/~dyared/NCLC348/Instantmessaging/competencies/diala.htm.