Courtroom and the Jurisdiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Courtroom and the Jurisdiction - adjudicate ExampleFederal courts have limited jurisdiction. They can only hear cases falling within the cranial orbit or scope defined by the Constitution of the United States or the federal statutes. The writer has chosen the bombing case at Boston Marathon where Dzhokhar Tsarnaev murdered three people and injured all over 250 people after detonating a bomb during the Boston Marathon in 2013. Concerning jurisdiction and seriousness of the crime, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was charged in a federal court rather than state courts of Massachusetts. Dzhokhar was charged with thirty counts including maliciously minus and destroying property with an explosive device, and conspiring to use a mass destruction weapon. The federal government can operate cases that fall within the federal jurisdiction. United States attorneys may decide to prosecute their cases concurrently with state crimes prosecution, or they may choose to prosecute from the state courts (Index to Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2008). In the case of Tsarnaev, federal prosecutors expire importance to death sentencing. This may have been the only reason that the feds took over the states place and why Dzhokhar underwent trial in the federal court rather than state court. A death penalty is prohibited in some states in the U.S.Several high profile cases recently have shown that acquitted defendants sometimes plead guilty. More shocking is that in most of these cases, the defendant is known to be simple or that people suspect his innocence at the time of entering the plea. On 19 distinguished 2011, Damien Echols, Jessie Misskelley and Jason Baldwin were released from prison almost 18 years after they were arrested in relation to murders of three 8-year-old boys in double-u Memphis. Their freedom came at a cost of pleading guilty to crimes they did not commit. The plea bargain secured their freedom, hardly the three men will be considered as convicted murderers (Hemmen s, 2009).

Nestle Infant Formula Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

hold tight babe Formula - Article ExampleThe mothers who were from an economically weaker section diluted the free take out samples provided in order to avoid buying the powder. In addition these people also used unsterile water to fuse the milk. While these were the problems with the free samples sold, the advertisements shown by the troupe showed white women feeding the formula feed to their infants. This gave an impression that ripe mothers only bottle-feed their babies and when the free samples were given to mothers immediately after the delivery they were more inclined to bottle-feed their infants. All these elapse to reduced breast-feeding, malnutrition in the infants and also increased the mortality rate.I believe that the marketing technique followed by the order was in no way illegal and that a moral code of ethics was followed in the business of marketing their infant milk formula. In the present case I argue that the company was in no way morally inclined to change its marketing strategy. As a producer of infant foods the advertisements and sale of free sachets of milk powder was well within the ethical standards. Instead of blaming the company it would have been appropriate if more awareness was created on the importance of breast-feeding and the circumstances under which formula milk could be introduced to the infant. Such awareness is definitely required in developing countries such as Africa. barely targeting the company would not solve the issue as it would not be of much help in preventing mothers from feeding formula milk to their infants as a substitute for breast milk.Having a frank and broad-minded discussion would always help to arrive at an early conclusion. In the case of the Nestle Infant Milk Formula case my decision would comply with the marketing strategies adopted by the company as it is lawful and has followed a moral code of ethics. An open discussion about the possible methods

Excessive Guns Laws And Gun Crime Statistics Essay

Excessive zeps Laws And Gun Crime Statistics - Essay ExampleThe report takes a Pro-gun or Pro-gun user stand and points out facts that jump out the relaxation of guns laws. It elaborates on the need to shift the focus to other restrictive measures as for example stricter alteration procedures, stringent tracking, and recording, background check etc instead of exercising excessive laws on weapon possession.The backdrop of the preponderant gun crime scenario of the united States and the United Kingdom have been taken into consideration in preparing the data, literary works review and facts and figures. The report concludes that excessive guns laws are ineffective in curbing gun-related crimes and is against the second amendment.The second amendment to the United States Constitution is a part of the larger US Bill of rights and is concerned with protecting the individuals right to bear and keep arms. This amendment was adopted on December 15, 1791, along with the rest of the Bill of Rights.The recital of the second amendment of Guns Laws carryly states that the affiliation of a person to a militia (well regulated military establishment) preserves, guarantees and protects the preexisting right to possess arms in view of their responsibility for the security of a free state. It, however, doesnt grant an individual the right to keep and bear arms.During the discussion, tabling, and ratification of the 2nd amendment to the Guns Laws there was a readable intention to prevent jeopardizing the rights of individuals invested with the safety and security of a free state, to possess and carry firearms (e.g. Guns). This is in clear accordance with the continuation of fire-arm possession of individuals already doing the same and barring any individual from possessing or gallery fire-arms without the need of protecting a community.

Black box Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Black box - Essay guinea pigCommunities as well as families can be deeply affected by the death of a member.A black box is a device or theoretical constructs with pr everyplacebial or assumption characteristic input, output and selective information transfer methods that are unknown or such-and-such constituents and means of operation. It is a close computer program and its implementation is opaque, hence the term black box.Today the boxes store information on memory chips and are painted bright orange in order to make them easier to see amid crash debris or on the bottom of the ocean. Needless to say, these devices are well protected with intelligent safety meaures. For instance, they have been equipped with self-activated ultrasonic beams that broadcast the boxs position belowwater for up to 30 days.Today, more or less black boxes, majority of which are being manufactured by L-3 Aviation Recorders, in Sarasota, Fla., are resourceful of recording more than 250 types of digi tal data, or parameters, per second, and store them all for 25 hours before writing over them. In addition, the latest models of black boxes can also store 180 minutes worth of conversation, as compared to the 30-minute recording capacity of its earlier counterparts. Both kinds of data are stored in stacked semiconductor dynamic RAM memory boards.The information recorded, the sampling rate, and the order in which the data are stored differ from for each one black box.The hardwares and softwares needed to read and analyze the data from a black box are provided by the manufacturers. At times, the manufacturers even send a representative from the company to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of data from a black box.They may have their work cut out for them if the box is dented, twisted under high heat, or has damaged cable interfaces. In such cases, they must rebuild the interfaces or maintain other ways to extract data from the wreckage. If the box is damaged, it can take weeks or months to

Preventing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit Research Paper

Preventing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit - Research Paper display caseFrom this perspective, I want to find various methods of preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU patients.Huang, S. J., Huang, H. J., Yu, S. F., Chen, J. H., Huang, H. Y., Cheng, P. C., ... & Lu, M. C. (2015). The implement of bundle care improves the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 48(2), S153.The above journal discusses a research carried out in a medical examination center in central Taiwan. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia after implementation of VAP bundles. in the beginning the introduction of VAP bundles the prevalence rate was 2.5% in 2013 where a respirator was utilized in 49.9% of the patients hospitalized in the 20-bed checkup Centre. The incidence rate reduced from 2.5% in 2013 to 1.0% in Q3 of 2014, after the application of VAP bu ndle care.Laird, P. (2015). Preventing ventilator-related injury in the ICU. Retrieved May 22, 2015, from http//ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/sp-3.15.1b/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=434f4e1a73d37e8ca9c2ed569e2a6bcb0f412b007c9b7e54280dcd11f81c8b88c241ed21141302487cfd3d58d1402427e90395d588a7c5c119687037986016f981c651e712f27d984010f4812b662d4aee3eb831This resource talks about a mechanical ventilation technique that is utilized in the ICU. It is a treatment for patients suffering from respiratory failure. Nevertheless, the method has various complications and risks related to its use. It is, therefore, recommended that patients using this type of therapy should be monitored daily. Monitoring daily is paramount to establish preparedness to perform early extubation and safeguard against possible dim ventilator-associated problems.The document suggests that using VAP-bundle may minimize the infection rate. It talks about a 5-element Institute

Criminological Theories A comparison Between Control Theories and Essay

Criminological Theories A comparison Between pull wires Theories and Scocial cook Theories of Crime - Essay ExampleThe social control they describe is not through Laws, scarce through Beliefs and societal Norms. However, these norms could later evolve into Laws, ethics, Etiquettes and Customs . The Control is effected through establishing conformity and form to these norms.SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES are viewed along two perspectives. The big social and Micro social perspectives . The Macro genial Perspective examines the Formal Control Systems which include the Legal systems, Law enforcers, lobbies which influence laws, which exercise control over the society. Micro Social Perspective, studies the INFORMAL control systems. exercised by Families, religious and educational institution and compeer groups. This Informal control manifests as Bonding ,Re Integrative Shaming, Attachment, and Learning through Role Models.The control theories way on a persons Relationship to their paren ts, teachers, parish priests and coaches who act as agents of socialization -.A childs Effective interaction with these agents translates into bonds with society.(Hirschi1960) Control Theories study the internalization of Moral codes and the stakes and ties in the community the individuals develops, which make them to voluntarily limit their abnormal behaviour.These are Informal controls exercised by social and familial bonds. It is more a self concept.The most potent among the Control Theories are, John Bolwlby s Attachment speculation, Travis Hirschis Social Bonds Theory , the Age bedded Life course Theory of Sampson and Laube and the full general Theory of Crime by Gottferson and Hirschi (1999)The Control Theory of Delinquency was presented by Travis Hirsche in 1969. It emerged from the Social Disorganisation Theory (Western Criminology Review)which was slowly losing its prestige at that time. Hirschi took his cue from this theory which held that Disorganised communities ge nerate horror as informal social controls have broken down.It was John Bowlby who first floated the steamy aspect in social control in his Attachment Theory in 1969.Hirschi synthesizes both these perspectives .Hirschis Control Theory posits that it is not so much the Individuals personality, but his social Relationships and social bonds which determine the deviance or conformity of his Behaviour. absence seizure of Control exercised by those bonds left him free to weigh the profits against risk . Attachment to others make him less(prenominal) likely to be deviant.Both Hirschi and Bowlby stress Parental upbringing in instilling socialization. The accrual of emotional investment by parents develops Empathy in the individual , which heightens his control and help him to Desist from acts violating the conventions..The other Control theories, The General Theory of Crime, The Age Graded Life Course Theory that followed, acknowledged the SELF concept .They explained how at a Micro perspe ctive, Informal social bonds which are at first external, become internalized . Gottferson and Hirschi (1990) , and later,Sampson and Laube (1993)in their Age Graded Life Course Perspective said that there is a relationship of causes between the later deviant behavior and the

What is the greatest challenge or obstacle you've confronted What are Essay

What is the greatest challenge or obstacle youve confronted What are the ways in which you give birth handled it How did it castrate you - Essay ExampleThe initial response to this challenge was the usual crying and falling back on at least the comfort of hearing the familiar voices of my family through frequent telephone calls. This went on for near time and then I started realizing that I was falling in arrears of all that I demand to do at college, because of this obsession with home and the sorry state I was in away from home. I needed to do something about it.I observed that the times when I felt the worst was when I did zip other than sit and mope about home. So I decided to steep myself in activities in spite of appearance with my studies and outdoors in extracurricular activities. My increased effort in my studies saw the return of good grades, my sanction in my academic abilities and smiles from my tutors and professors. However, it was from my extra curricular activi ties that I learnt a lot that made me a changed person.I had to interact with a lot of individuals from differing backgrounds and countries in the course of my extra curricular activities. This resulted in me realizing that there was more than to the world than the four walls of my home. There was a lot to be learnt from interacting with individuals other than my family and developing healthy relationships with them. youthful perceptions of the world and demeanor emerged from such relationships bringing among other things happiness into my life. I realized that I had bemused a lot by limiting myself to my family and the environments of my home. By the end of the first term at college, I was no longer homesick and starting to enjoy my experiences in this new world I had found.College life away from home has changed me. I no longer fear an environment away from home and family. I am no longer reluctant to meet others. I enjoy interacting with others and sharing thoughts and ideas. I have become more adventurous willing to give new activities a try to see if they meet me. In all I believe my two years at college, away from home, has made me a

Companies domestic enviroment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Companies national enviroment - Research Paper ExampleThis caller-up specialises in extracting crude oil, process it as well as selling the end products.Bp is headquartered in Houston the States and it has been in the energy business for more than 100 years given that it started its operation in 1889. The domestic purlieu of America has a bearing on the operations of the familiarity as a whole. gibe to the Department of Energy and Climate Change (2011), there are certain considerations that have to be taken into consideration by the energy companies to ensure that they do not violate the set trites of operation. For instance, protection of the environment is given priority in America and there is a legislation called Clean Air serve which guides the operations of this particular industry.As such, it can be noted that this organisation has to adhere to the government stipulations with regards to standard operations. The government of America has a bearing on the operations of this particular organisation since it sets the standard regulations. The occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is another regulatory body which monitors the operations of organisations that are involved in the energy business. If the safety and environmental regulations are violated, the respective company is fined large sums of money.The attribute they are tend admired for is related to safety and environmental concerns. Bp is seen as one of the biggest polluters in America and this has impacted on its operations. In as much as safety and risk management are concerned, this organisation is ill rated in these areas which is why it is least admired by people. Research has shown that Bp has a poor record of occupational safety and risk management. For instance, eleven people lost their lives following the incidence of the oil spill in the Gulf Coast (Bp, 2011). This can be attributed to the absence of safety and risk management plans in its operations. The company has a record of incidences where lives of people were lost

Macroeconomics.....Case Study NEED respond to at least 2 other Essay

Macroeconomics.....Case Study NEED respond to at least 2 other students - Essay ExampleIt would be incomplete to analyze and predict a nations history without accepting political underpinnings in events.While it is veritable that the government is in reality accountable on how it should spend public funds, balancing a national budget is a multiform task. In fact, ordinary citizens like you and I cant even handle our own budgets. What I am saying is that things have already happened and the most that we can do as individuals is to reduce our outgo and stop blaming the government for whole the mess. After all, if we are not part of the solution, then we must be part of the problem.A.Having a President whose main agenda is war is not a good president. Had all the resources been devoted to social services then the country could have survived the crisis. There are just besides many issue s that a President can prioritize inside ones country . It I sjust unfortunate that the politica l propaganda to project war as a noble urinate gripped most of Americans when the fearful thing is not war that happens thousands of miles away but fear of failing health insurance.B. I definitely agree with tax-cut measures too since leadership is situational and at certain times, circumstances call for tax-cuts. It is true that tax-cuts have consequences but it is a lesser evil. Too much strain on American great deal would not only cause financial hardship but can make them resentful against the government. gracious disobedience can be an ugly

Does Marx's Account of Alienation Condemn Free Market Economies Essay

Does Marxs Account of Alienation Condemn Free Market Economies - Essay pillowcaseBeing a great torch-bearer of justice and egalitarianism, he looks for identical distribution of wealth, resources and opportunities for the individuals belonging to divergent ethno-racial groups, communities and socioeconomic statuses of social establishment. Consequently, he appears to be determined to launch a crusade against the existing injustices for the individual and incorporated wellbeing of humanity with by any discrimination on the foundations of caste, class, community, region, religion and gender. It is therefore his entire work revolves roofy the condemnation of capitalistic (or reposition market) economic system, which maintains unabated perils of exploitation of the proletariat or haves-not at the custody of bourgeoisie or haves in its horrible fold. Marxs famous theory of alienation is viewed to be the enigmatical critique of free market economy, which would not allow the workers a ny share in the surplus survey of the organisation in which they are rendering their services. Since free market economy, Moseley observes, does not admit the very mankind that surplus-value is produced by the surplus labour of workers, thus workers become prey to exploitation in capitalism (2001 2). In addition, Marxism vehemently criticises such a political scheme that looks for projecting and promoting the exploitative economic system (i.e. capitalism) by the statutes of law had been in vogue in major part of his contemporary industrial states of Europe. Marx believes, Zimmerman observes, that laws are the point of intersection of class oppression, which would have to get eliminated or revised as long as communism replaces the free market system ultimately (2009 96). One of the most imperative reasons behind Marxisms repudiation to go along way to free market economy includes its being beneficial for only the rich stratum of society. private-enterprise(prenominal) economic system is exclusively advantageous for the producers, mill owners and elite stratum for it bestows worthwhile privileges upon the elite by letting them take the lions share in the profit of an industrial unit on the basis of the investment they have made. The free market, Sayers notes, operates as an alien system with a life of its own. It is an unmanageable and inherently unstable mechanism. It leads to periodic crises in which huge numbers of people are thrown out of work and useful means of production are wantonly destroyed (20081-2). On the other hand, the workers catch very little amount of money as remuneration against their hard toil they make from cluck to dusk in the industrial units. In other words, free market economy deprives the workers of their even out and share in the surplus profit the organisation has earned. Since the workers are not in a position to grow anything sufficient to keep the wolf from the door, it results into the decline of their interest in wor k and work place as well. As a result, the gulf between the rich and the poor starts expanding, which touches the dangerous end subsequently. The clash of interests between the producers and workers turns out to be challenging for the very peace and harmony of society in general. As a result, conflict arises between different strata of society, during the course of which the workers are in a position to snatch their right from the possession of the upper stratum by establishing socialistic political and economic system in society. The office between classes, Rummel observes, starts widening, and the condition of the exploited worker deteriorates so adversely that entire social structure collapses.

Adaptive leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Adaptive leader - Essay ExampleThey ar equal to(p)-bodied to be flexible and open to the possibilities that the environment gives at any given moment.The war in Iraq has c altogethitherd for all leadership to be adaptive because there was no manual to describe what they needed to do in situations like Iraq. As an example, the Army had no information about a counterinsurgency campaign and there was nothing by which to measure it. This meant that the leadership had to adapt quickly into creating something that would be done and how it would be measured.In line of battle to be adaptive a leader must also be able to argufy assumptions and perceptions. They must look past the obvious to see the greater picture within their environment, especially when they are in combat. They must be able to perceive what is going on and then be able to see which elements are critical to the change this is not always easy for a military officer to do (Whiffen 3). The officer must also be able to bal ance force and restraint (Wiffen 5) as he or she goes about the operations. This aspect calls on the officer to know his strengths and weaknesses and then the strengths and weaknesses of his company. In order to learn how to adapt officers must put themselves in situations that are uncomfortable and unfamiliar so they disregard adapt by adapting. (Whiffen

Sexual Harassment in the Hospitality Industry Research Paper

Sexual Harassment in the Hospitality Industry - Research Paper casecated that internal harassment occurred when there is opportunistic exposure of genitals inappropriate touching whenever the object is in a close contact excessive talks on sexual matters for erotic gratification and that troublesome spontaneous erections happen. Schneider et al. (2007) pointed that these are at times difficult to interpret specially if ambiguously illustrated as a behavior intimating sexual advances within the context of contrapower harassment. Oxford Economics (2010) defined hospitality industry from the perspective of macro-micro thriftiness as the provision of accommodation, meals and drinks in venues where the consumption happened outside homes and as such, as business, offered services that are conducive to national or world thriftiness. Most of the services here hotel accommodation and related services food and catering event management (Oxford Economics, 2010). The Commission of the Europea n Union states pointed sexual harassment destroy the working(a) environment and impose deteriorating effect on health, confidence, morale and performance of those affected by it (Advocates for Human Rights, 2007). It hinders the beneficial integration of women at the market (AHR, 2007). It can cause anxiety and trauma which is often affecting dupes behavior and work efficiency until it could seek work elsewhere (AHR, 2007). The effects are by chance prolonged or not depending on the severity of emotional, psychological, and physical damages incurred (AHR, 2007). Thus, it can hand over ominous impact on the profitability of the company as it would diminish the reputation of the company (AHR, 2007). Studies further showed that those who have undergone sexual harassment has severe impact to their very private lives by having psychosomatic symptoms and diminished...Such is evident in leisure-based business such as in cruise lines, airlines, hotels, restaurants, bars, resorts, and t he like (Ispas, 2010). As an industry designed to get away with desired level of competitiveness, human resources ought to rediscover genuine concept of competitiveness as capitalized by managers of hospitality industry for improved and strategic hospitality services (uclea & Pdurean, 2008 Ispas, 2010).Experts posit that managers should also focus on performance and policy control to maintain quality service as decisive factors in protect the employees from harassing customers (uclea & Pdurean, 2008). Strategic orientation and raising competitiveness must be undertaken to protect employees from all types of sexual exploitation and harassments that could be employed by any customer to the workers (uclea & Pdurean, 2008 Emilian, Tuclea, Tala & Brndusoiu, 2009).Its drab to note that this industry which is contributory for national development is riddled with sad experiences that are detrimental to victim-workers and to the orbit of the company (Oxford Economics, 2010). If all of the se industries are saddled with cases, it would certainly have some severe impact to the economy as well. In UK economy for instance, there is about an estimate of 90 billion in 2010 for hospitality industry and the same has offered 46 billion to the UK economy in GVA (Oxford Economics, 2010).

Why did Progressive reformers believe it essential to curb the power Essay

Why did Progressive reformers believe it essential to curb the power of American capitalist economy Were they right - Essay ExampleReformers comprised of both women and men emanating from various social classes, occupations as well as races who felt regimes traditional attitudes were inapplicable comparable to harsh conditions, which Americans during then experienced on daily basis. This was contrary to what the then government, which through the constitution cl innovationed to offer its citizens. During then, Americans were not only experiencing poverty due(p) to permanent wage limit policies but also majority working in extremely reprehensible conditions coupled with child labor. Therefore, social, economical and political inequalities convinced Progressive Reformers into believing their quest in hold American capitalism was right, which I also concur with due to the then inapplicable policies whose aim encompassed protect only the well-heeled people. Reformers in their quest to ensure welfare of the entire public, revolted to end inefficiencies in the primaeval regime, corrupt political machines and improving peoples living standards. ... because they believed that the government should be made up of the working-class people (Lecture notes, 7 October 2013). Since, this will ensure equality in the entire state anyway preventing the affluent from exploiting less privileged people, which is contrary to what they did before inception of new rules through influencing economic policies in their favor. Industrial moguls due to the regimes laxity and numerous benefits, which they enjoyed while in their quest to attach respective profitability rates, resulted to processing poor quality products to the then unsuspecting consumers. Hence, plants exposing lives of numerous unsuspecting citizens to risks specially food industry, which supplied low quality, canned burden. This is evident in Sinclairs book citing how plants processing meat, ..it was the custom, as they found, whenever meat was so spoiled that it could not be used for anything else, either to can it or else to chop it up into sausage (Sinclair 164). Consequently, revealing utter state of inhuman on the part of industrial moguls who employed alchemy tactics to process meat that had decayed. This was by rubbing meat with soda to eliminate bad olfactory perception and sell it to free lunch counters where ordinary citizens used to frequent (Sinclair 164). Consequently, this prompted to the institution of.The Meat Inspection exemplify strengthened requirements for sanitary conditions in packing houses and required the inspection of meat for interstate commerce (Mooney, 71). The aim of this act ensured the quality of meat supplied to the consumer was of good condition besides meeting the already set standards sketch by regime. Reformers felt the state during then had to be free from any sinister influences whereby their ambitions aimed at

Supply chain management - optimization problem Coursework

Supply chain management - optimization enigma - Coursework Example), the second cash flow comes at the end of year two and gets an worry for ace year ( one and only(a) thousand, one hundred ?), whereas the third cash flow happens at the end of year troika and thus does not earn any interest (one thousand ?) (Leeman, 2010, 34). It is the value of cash or an asset at a given time or date in the future, which has a value that is touch to a particular amount of money presently (Leeman, 2010, 34). The Future Value can be mensurable in two different ways as follows For an asset that has a simple annual interest Future Value = Original Investment multiplied by (1= (rate of interest* the center number of years)). For an asset that has an interest that is compounded years, Future Value = Original Investment multiplied by (1+rate of interest) total number of years. One has to account for inflation when planning for his or her retirement. The nominal interest rate is slackly used thus even though he or she might nurse several ? in the future we find that the money depart actually be worth less that the present jillion ? (Leeman, 2010, 34). For proof of the impacts of inflation take into consideration that one ? in the year 1940 is presently worth slightly only 8.5 cents. How do you apply FV to a house purchase of ?245,000/7%Int/30 FV = FV = ?245,000* (1.1)30 ? 4275103. ... At one point, the companys profits were decreasing because of the competence of its logistics management. The company over depended on the in-house manufacturing and distribution trading operations that were dysfunctional such as incompetent movement of goods along the chain of supply. These issues led to the chief decision maker Jim Maxmin choose to form a coalition with federal formalized Express BLS, which is the master of logistics (Leeman, 2010, 34). FedEx utilizes their logistical ability to go away as the inventory and supply agent for various enterprises whose main proficiency is in manufacturing. This move will also benefit the Federal Express since neither of these companies could perform their function well and the alliance create gave the better of the two worlds. There are a number of essential factors that supply chain alliances should have in order to be successful. This is since its control is not only associated with the management mechanism they employ. The alliance partners should counterweight the control mechanism with trust building and the level of this trust largely depends on the alliance formed. Laura Ashley and Federal Express based their alliance mainly on trust with few elements of control in the official agreement. The agreement that Laura Ashley and BLS arrived at resulted to BLS taking over LAs Newtown, distribution activities and Waless warehouse. Jim Maxmin initiated this process and hand the project over to the Global Operations Executive team for implementation. This led to the reformation of the current procedures and theme down of new incorporated distribution system. LA had to withdraw from warehousing, handling of goods with distribution and handing this task to a third party. He felt that this procedure would take

Leadership Theories, Methods, and Tols Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership Theories, Methods, and Tols - Essay ExampleThis requires that an employee has to calculate hard in the nerve and create more hours especially in the flush or during hebdomadends to mitigate his convey rating and increase the chance of earning bonuses.Employee 1 has been working on weekends and late in the evening to ensure that work is accurate and complete. The manager of the organization encourages the employees to possibly work for more than 40 hours per week as they would receive a huge bonus and this reveal that the manager uses bonus as an inducing to motivate workers to upgrade the performance of the company. Power based on rewards entails equality without favoritism and thus employees work hard to achieve desirable results and thus raising performance for the company.In the second scenario, the base of supply applied involves expert power. Expert power is based on the fact that knowledge is power, where a soulfulness who possesses special expertise in a cer tain field is regarded as important in the organization (Turner, 2010). Such people are extremely valued by the organization in problem figure out and decision making processes. Employee 2 is a professional accountant in his organization and has negotiated four twenty-four hours work week and he is the only worker who is allowed to compress working time in his plane section which reveals that his knowledge and expertise grants him power over new(prenominal) employees. The accounting manager agrees on his request as he is the only expert in accounting who can prepare the companys pecuniary statements. This fact shows that the employee is an expert and is granted his wishes unlike other employee because he can perform duties which no other person in the organization can perform. The opinions, ideas and decisions of experts in a company are highly regarded and they bed privileges than other employees due to their exceptional skills and expertise.A person may have ability to influe nce others victimisation his personality traits or

How to do qualitative research Essay Example for Free

How to do qualitative explore EssayIntroduction Qualitative explore is slightly asking questions and gathering information through words, to therefore later analyze. One way of doing this is through ethnography. But before all research can be done, there must be a research question. In this case, Do the Olympics cause their audience to characterization other than than when they ar watching any other popular TV show? This question was elect to put one acrossly outline the process of ethnography, and how it is useful in finding out the information needed to attend to this research question. MethodologyAn ethnography is A Research approaching to understanding the culture of a theme (patterns of behaviour/attitudes, how they create meaning), by immersing oneself in the activities of the specific group over a period of metre and so writing up a descriptive summary. (Savage 3). An ethnographic approach acknowledges creation engaged in and listening to conversation s, taking regular nones and collecting artifacts of the group be studied (Savage 7). All of these things later do in writing up a summary of findings that where gathered from the ethnography.There atomic number 18 two principal(prenominal) graphemes of ethnography, first there is an overt ethnography where the participants are told they are being observed. This type of ethnography is roughly commonly used and is less assayy because the participants are aware of the study that is taking place. The other type is masking. This is where the researcher is unknown by the participants (Savage 10). The ethnography done about whether the Olympics change the way an audience acts is a covert ethnography. The equal to(p)s were unaware of the researcher and the fact that they were being studied and just watched TV as they ordinarily would.Although this study was in a closed backcloth, there is always a chance of a risk when doing a covert study, because one of the participants may non want to be studied (Savage 9-10). Another most-valuable aspect of doing an ethnography is gaining access. Gaining access all depends on whether it is a closed setting or an unmortgaged setting. Open settings are public settings are are fairly easy to gain access to. They include places like a street corner, or a movie theatre lobby, or city council meetings (Savage 9). unlikable settings are non-public settings that are harder to gain access to because they usually require a contact, or permission to repair into.Closed settings include families, firms, doctors offices and political parties (Savage 9). These are places that access is only granted to people who have permission. Although, in most cases, a lot of groups that are in a closed setting, have both pioneer and closed settings, so if permission was not granted, then there would still be an opportunity for an ethnography when the group is in an open setting. The ethnography that was done took place in a closed setting and access was granted due to it being at the researchers house.This do it easy to gain access without having to reside about any limits that can sometimes come with closed settings. Summary of Findings For this topic, one would find that apply ethnography would be the best way to go about making a research confinement about the Olympics causing an audience to act differently then when they watch other popular TV shows. This is because the study was about to view two different settings, one of subjects watching a popular TV show (American Idol), and one of subjects watching the Olympic Games.This allowed for a rattling good comparison between the two, and made answering the research question fairly easy. While doing the ethnography in both settings, being a fly on the wall allowed the researcher to observe how the subjects acted in both situations without being noticed. The setting overly helped in disguising the researcher, because the subjects were just told it was homework, or they were used to the researcher being on the computer anyways. If this study were to be conducted as an in-depth interview, the results would be quite different.The interviewee may not know how they react when theyre watching television, or may not notice that they act differently and vise versa, which would then make it difficult to get the craved information. This would put the study at a halt because no relevant information would have been gathered. Conducting an ethnography is the only real way to go about answering this research question. There is a authoritative level of control that comes with doing an ethnography for this question because the researcher is unknown, this also considers that the subjects are acting the way the unremarkably would and not acting the way the think they should act.Which is sometimes the case when people are told they are being studied. Also, (in this case) the subjects are somewhat being forced to watch the desired television show. This en sures that the subjects are being open to the same show and can allow for more specific research. Ethnography is also useful because it allows for change. If the ethnography were to go on, there would most likely be more television shows to compare the Olympics to, but in this case, the research question could be narrowed down to Do the Olympics cause their audience to act differently than when they are watching American Idol?. If the study were to continue, because it is an ethnography with multiple subjects for each show, there is agency for change, and the data that was already collected would still be useful. Whereas if an in-depth interview was to done, and data was collected there is no guarantee that each subject watches the same television shows to be able to compare among the different subject that were interviewed. Key LearningsAfter choosing to use an ethnography to answer this research question, some things became quite clear. First, when conducting a covert ethnograph y, sometimes it is not so easy to remain unknown to every subject, and it is difficult to judge what they are thinking or what they will do if they were to find out. This raised the question of what should the researcher do if they are in a closed setting that they cannot leave and a subject did not want to be studied and was very angry?In most closed setting situations, the chances are that it will not be a covert ethnography, but after this covert closed setting ethnography, it was made clear that the position of research should not be made known for the safety of the researcher. This leads to another question about ethics and who should be harmed in that case. If the researcher is in danger of being harmed if they were to tell the subject that they were being studied, and if the researcher did not tell the subject, then it is considered unethical because the subject is being lied to.Does this issue then become an issue of choosing the greater good? In which case, who decides what the greater good is? Second, when doing an ethnography there is not always something useful to take note of. This causes ethnography to be very time consuming because the research must wait until they have all the information needed which may take a very long time if nothing is overhauling. This causes a problem because there is no guarantee that anything will happen at all that would help the researcher answer their research question.Conclusion In discussing using ethnography to answer the question of Do the Olympics cause their audience to act differently than when they are watching any other popular TV show? and what was learned, it is safe to conclude that ethnography is the best way to approach a question like this. This is largely due to the method being more successful at gathering information than its alternative, and because there are a number of way that is can be performed to ensure that the researcher is able to get the information needed.

Future stage Essay Example for Free

Future stage Es reckon involve the stage that has been the biggest altercate for you, so far. Explain what you exhaust in condition(p) about a future stage. How leave behind this information put on you as you reach that stage? Choose at least three particularised goals you take stage for yourself as you continue through your lifespan and how you will achieve those goals. How has this course helped you realise those goals? I would conduct to say Stage 6 universal ethical principle orientation assume an internal good code base on universal values that takes precedence over affable rules and laws. I have learned that even if you need some topic dont steal it. Stealing is the or so worst thing you could forever think of. This has reach me non to steal even though I dont hardly I will never steal. My three goals is to have money to position what I want not to steal, earn things, and reach to get what and the things I would like to have in life. Choose the stage tha t has been the biggest challenge for you, thus far.Explain what you have learned about a future stage. How will this information benefit you as you reach that stage? Choose at least three specific goals you have set for yourself as you continue through your lifespan and how you will achieve those goals. How has this course helped you determine those goals? I would have to say Stage 6 universal ethical principle orientation adopt an internal moral code base on universal values that takes precedence over social rules and laws. I have learned that even if you need something dont steal it. Stealing is the most worst thing you could ever think of. This has reach me not to steal even though I dont but I will never steal. My three goals is to have money to get w Choose the stage that has been the biggest challenge for you, thus far. Explain what you have learned about a future stage.How will this information benefit you as you reach that stage? Choose at least three specific goals you have set for yourself as you continue through your lifespan and how you will achieve those goals. How has this course helped you determine those goals? I would have to say Stage 6 universal ethical principle orientation adopt an internal moral code base on universal values that takes precedence over social rules and laws. I have learned that even if you need something dont steal it. Stealing is the most worst thing you could ever think of. This has reach me not to steal even though I dont but I will never steal. My three goals is to have money to get what I want not to steal, earn things, and reach to get what and the things I would like to have in life. hat I wantnot to steal, earn things, and reach to get what and the things I would like to have in life.

Behaviour Self Management Essay Example for Free

Behaviour Self Management EssayBehaviour Self-Management Project to Increase perusal Behaviour Behaviour Modification is a technique or approach utilize by deportmental psychologists to modify a particular deportment and is largely functiond in a clinical or educational setting, particularly with those with learning disabilities (Atherton, 2011). Moreover, it in like manner considered to be a kickshawment approach, as it substitutes undesirable demeanours with fatality matchlesss through the process of positive or negative livelihood (Gary, 1988).Furthermore, conduct modification has been used to treat numerous mental problems such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), phobias, enuresis, generalised trouble disorder, separation anxiety disorder and many more. Subsequently, this technique has also been used to correct maladaptive demeanours by changing undesirable deportments such as smoking, overeating, nail b iting and others, as it aims to encourage the substitution of beloved behaviours such as flying fielding, weight loss and etc (ODonohue and Ferguson, 2006).The principles of behaviour modification were origin developed by B. F Skinner, who had formulated the c oncept of operant conditioning. Skinner, had developed the concept of positive reinforcement or punishment, whereby behaviours atomic number 18 changed or encouraged through a reward system. Furthermore, the operant conditioning theory also states that for learning to occur, it is all-important(a) that the subject is an active participant (Sheldon, 1982).In addition, behaviour modification was also formulated by Ivan Pavlov and is famously known as classical conditioning, as it is merely based on a stimuli-response formula. Besides that, Albert Bandura also contributed to behaviour modification principles, through his theory of social modelling (Baldwin Baldwin, 1981). The theory states that learning occurs as a result of copying or imitating other people, and is termed as vicarious learning. Additionally, the theory also states that external reinforcers are important because it enables learning to occur indep containently of the reinforcements.Consequently, behaviour modification underlies a number of theoretical positions such that human behaviour can easily be influenced by the presentation of consequences and could be strengthened if the behaviour is followed by rewards, as well as substandard if followed by negative consequences (Guez Allen, 2000). Moreover, human behaviour is non only controlled by internal factors, but is also driven by external factors such as social rewards like praises or gifts.Thus, the principles of behaviour modification is different compared to other techniques in changing behaviours, because it addresses the environ factors as well as individual factors that can promote or derail behaviour change. Additionally, behaviour modification has also proved its effecti veness in increasing students appropriate school elbow room behaviours. A study had employed behaviour modification in two sanction grade black girls in a demonstration school for the culturally deprived (Wasik, Senn, Welch, Cooper, 1969).Data collected in the study was based on type, duration, and frequency of teachers verbal interactions with the student. The study also had implemented an ABAB practice, whereas handling included positive social reinforcement when appropriate behaviours occurred. Punishment had included the use of timeout from social reinforcements, as these behaviours were contingent on inappropriate attention get goingting behaviours. It was observed that after 25 daylights, desirable behaviour in the classroom had ontogenyd remarkably from 80. % in service line to 99. 20% in preaching and go along to remain high even after three months.Therefore, this shows that behaviour modification is an effective method to summation desirable behaviours. Target Behaviour It is essential and important that the target behaviour an individual wants to change is operationally defined. The particular behaviour would also require assessment, through collection of the baseline entropy. Furthermore, the behaviour that I want to change is to increase my perusal behaviour, which is a behavioral deficit.Ever since I was in school, I was of all time known to study towards the end of the semester and could generally be considered as last minute poring over. Subsequently, I would range to be easily distracted by external stimuli such as watching movies or series on the computer, calling up friends and talking for hours as well as easily persuaded to go out. I study been known since young to be very outgoing, thus whenever friends call and ask me to meet up with them, I am bound to go.Therefore, it usually delays my ability to follow my studying schedule that I have created before the semester starts. Moreover, my main antecedent that unable me t o complete my suggested two hours studying per night every weekday is also because I have a tendency to download movies or series on the computer and waste 4 hours or more watching it. There are also consequences that I face because of my dilatoriness to study, because after watching these series, I would only tend to study less than an hour or non at all if I am tired.Consequently, I would cram all the materials during study week and end up being exhausted. This also is a reason as to why I tend to get ill during exam week, because it causes me to have high level of stress and in turn would affect my health. Hence, these are valid reasons as to why I feel like I need to change my behaviour and start studying more hours as I should so that I would not be unhappy out during exams. Besides that, stress could also cause ulcers and the common cold, which in turn could be a setback to me during exam week as I am prone to get ulcers.Additionally, it would also vacate me to focus more to improve my grade ratings to my expectations as I volition soon complete my undergraduate program. Other than that, increasing my studying behaviour would also allow me to get sufficient sleep and ride out for the upcoming exam and it would also benefit me in terms of managing my time efficiently. Method Design The visualise that I have chosen for this particular self management pop is the ABAB reversal design.This design represents the drive to first measure the baseline, the treatment that follows the initial baseline, the introduction of the endorse baseline as well as the reintroduction of the treatment once again. Additionally, this method of application helps identify the effects of treatment and measure what happens when treatment is removed(p). Hence, this research design would help establish whether functional relationship exists between the target behaviour and intervention.Materials The materials used in this project include a structured diary that is recorded in the computer, behaviour contract, handphone, post-it notes, playing separate and reminders. surgical operation Additionally, for this particular behaviour modification project, the operational definition is first defined as reading pages from the casebook and underlining as well as understanding sentences in the text and reading notes from the lectures for two hours.Furthermore, the behaviour would be recorded through self monitoring during baseline and treatment period as the behaviour does not occur frequently throughout the day and it only occurs during the period when no one else is around to observe. The empirical period is recorded in the natural setting, which is in the study room at my home, and it is where studying behaviour typically occurs.The type of behavioural recording used is the duration recording, whereby studying behaviour is observed for two hours, between 8. 30p. m to 10. 0p. m on weekdays only. Next, in order to increase studying behaviour during weekday s, a generalised conditioned reinforcer, which is the token economy system is used because it reinforces the behaviour and minimises the need to use antiphonal strategies to deal with setbacks as well as it enables the ability to pair up with a variety of other reinforcers. In addition, the token economy is a playing card with my housemates signature on it, and one card would be given each day, whenever the desired behaviour occurred at to the lowest degree 2 hours a day.Furthermore, the acquired tokens would be eligible to trade with certain privileges and would be forfeited if the behaviour does not meet the anticipate requirements. Hence, a variety of backup reinforces are used in exchange with the accumulated playing cards on every Friday to determine the type of privileges that would be given and further information is provided in the behavioural contract (Appendix A). Besides that, punishment would be provided if I fail to meet the expected requirement.Additionally, the sch edule of reinforcement chosen for this particular project is fixed interval, whereby studying behaviour is reinforced only if it occurs for at least two hours. The behaviour occurrence would also be recorded in the computer, as the behaviour occurs at home in the study room. Besides that, during the treatment period, my friends and housemate have also promised to give me social nurse and reinforcements. In addition, various types of response and stimulant drug prompts are also used in this project. Verbal prompts such as reminders to study are used by friends and housemates to evoke the desired behaviour in myself.They will do this by not persuading me to go out with them and reminding me to study instead. Furthermore, environmental prompts are also used in this project such as post its on the mirror, computer in the study room and class file that I carry to class every day, as well as exploitation the hand phone to set alarm to study. In addition, within prompt fading was used in the plunk for treatment period, for response prompts, whereby friends and boyfriend provided fewer verbal prompts as the week progressed during treatment period.Next, stimulus fading was also used in the second treatment period for environmental prompts, whereby on the first day, removal of alarm clock would be used and for subsequent days, one post its would be removed from either the mirror, computer or class file until the last day of treatment. Results The baseline and treatment data was collected for a period of four weeks and intervention was applied during treatment 1 and treatment 2. emblem 1 Studying behaviour in baseline and treatment weeks.Figure 1 shows that during the first baseline, studying behaviour did not occur at all for the first two days, one hour for the third, again none on the twenty-five percent and two hours on the fifth day. Hence, the average studying hours for the first baseline week is 0. 4 hours or 24 minutes. Furthermore, this could be fetchly seen in the structured diary machine-accessible for the first baseline (Appendix B). Next, intervention took place in the second week, whereby various strategies were used to increase studying behaviour.Results showed that studying behaviour had occurred for two hours for the first and second day, one hour for the third day, two hours for the fourth day, and none on the fifth day. This shows that studying behaviour had increased to an average of 1. 4 hours a day and that there was an increase of 50% from the initial baseline to the treatment period. Moreover, the self management project had returned to baseline on the third week and results showed that studying behaviour had occurred for 2. hours on the first day, one hour on the second, none on the third and fourth and two hours on the fifth day.Thus, the average studying behaviour was 1. 1 hours a day for the second baseline period. Although the average hours were less compared to the treatment period, however, there was definit ely an increase compared to the first baseline period, whereby average hours were only 0. 4 hours. Next, intervention was again applied and the second treatment results showed that studying behaviour occurred for one hour on the first day, 2. hours on the second, two hours on the third, one hour on the fourth, and two hours on the fifth day. Hence, the average studying hours is approximately 1. 7 hours a day. Thus, this also shows that there is an increase of studying behaviour between the second baseline and second treatment period. Besides that, there is also a staggering increase from the initial baseline and second treatment period, that precedes to fluctuate in the second baseline, when intervention was removed.DiscussionThe behaviour modification project to increase studying behaviour was definitely a success because the graphs showed an increase in hours of studying as compared to the baseline data, thus indicating that there us a functional relationship between the target be haviour and the procedure. Furthermore, it is clear that the token economy system was a contributor to the success of increasing studying behaviour because once token economy was removed in the second baseline the target behaviour had decreased tremendously.In addition, the target behaviour had increased when the second intervention was applied in the fourth week. Moreover, the use of reinforcements and punishment also helped me to keep myself motivated and determined to achieve the weekly goal that was set. Besides that, the use of within stimulus fading helped me generalise my behaviour to the subsequent weeks ahead, hence I had gradually adjusted myself with acquire used to having less and less prompts throughout the week.However, there were also some limitations in this project, whereby, the duration of treatment intervention is too short to allow the behaviour to fully adjust and be generalised without the use of prompts. In addition, self monitoring was used during observatio n of behaviour for the baseline data. Observer may not be trained enough to record her own behaviour, hence data may not be as reliable as compared to having an inter rater observation. Moreover, the implementation of reinforcement contingency was my housemate, and sometimes the reinforcements were given a day later because she is not around.This has affected the effectiveness of the token as a reinforcing consequence as some deliveries of the token did not occur immediately after the response occurred according to the expected schedule. Furthermore, cod to the delay between the response and token, it could have also affected the connection strength of the behaviour. In conclusion, behaviour modification is definitely an effective treatment method to help increase, decrease or develop juvenile behaviours and it is applicable to use in a variety of problematic behaviours.

African american case study Essay Example for Free

African american case show EssayDavid Brown is a 35-year-old African American residing in Brooklyn, New York. He is tall, lean, and professional-looking. He has short curly hair and neatly shaved face. He has been a fortunate bank manager for five years and his colleagues look up to him with much respect and admiration. But whatever he has now are the fruits of his inviolablework and perseverance.David was born on the twenty-fifth of February 1972. During this time, racial discrimination was still prolific and their family experienced hard times. They live in the ghetto where drugs, gang wars, and meagerness were rampant. Growing up in such an environment was never easy for David and he found it hard to trust his peers because he did not want to get involved in their vices. His mother had to stay at home to attend to his other siblings while his father had two jobs to support their familys needs. Considering their situation, David was inspired to study hard and he wanted to g ive his family a better life. later graduating from highschool, he was determined to mesh college and was fortunate enough to be accepted in a known university to study Banking and Finance. College was the biggest challenge for him because low gear of all, his father had to support him and he had to work as a grocery clerk in a convenient store at night to make ends meet. Due to the color of his skin, David faced discrimination issues. His classmates regarded him as inferior and some even ridiculed him and his peers who were also African Americans. Whenever he felt down and mocked, he would reanimate basketball because this was his outlet in releasing tension and built-up emotions. However, he did not lose his focus and he graduated with flying colors.It took him a while to land on a job since some of the employers were discriminating. After several months, he got a job offer from a banking company as a clerk. He was very happy because he was starting to fulfill his dreams of hel ping his family. He worked hard and loved this courtly profession and eventually, his efforts were seen by his superiors. His determination and dedication made him climb the corporate ladder. Many got insecure and prehensile when he was promoted to his present managerial position. Some even doubted his exitership skills and capabilities in performing his duties but, David proved them wrong. In time, he was able to win their support and respect.David is currently at the prime of his life he is successful and has given his family a better life. He does not have any intimate relationships because he prioritizes his family and work. Considering Eriksons psychosocial theory of development, David has gone through young adulthood and it appears that his lack of initiative to form intimate relationships lead to isolation. However, he could only be delayed in establishing intimate relationships with the opposite sex because of prioritization of other much important things. As of now, he is in his middle adulthood and it is closely likely that he is experiencing psychological stagnation since he is not showing productivity in helping the next generation light upon their goals.Taking Freuds theory of psychosexual development into consideration, David appears to be fixated in the latency stage because of his self-fulfilling goals and the prudence of his energy towards productive activities like work. Though he knows how to socialize, most of his friends are males and he exhibits lack of please in engaging in close relationships with women (Santrock, 2002). At this point, he should have been married like most people of his age and rearing a family of his own but as mentioned earlier, David may only be delayed in fulfilling such human functions.ReferencesSantrock, J.W. (2002). Life-Span Development (8th ed.) New York McGraw-Hill

Law reform regarding Animal Welfare Essay Example for Free

virtue crystalise regarding Animal Welfargon EssayAs the world win overs so do worldviews and therefore, so do the evaluate morals and values of the time. With these changing morals and values come altering fair plays, remediateed or re-create to reflect these changing views. This is called law crystallise, in particular, the subject of Animal Welf ar. legal philosophys in congeneric to physical eudaemonia have been made and amended to restore nicety and matesity to the voiceless members of society. Before recent times, the rights of savages had been severely overlooked. Attention has been brought to fosterage and slaughtering practices around the world through wide scale media. In such countries these processes fly under the radar and ar rarely monitored, until now. This is when worldwide regulations have to be put in target to ensure that appropriate and adequate handlings are adhered to around the world.Most animal(prenominal) cruelties on a niggling sca le are kept quiet, and are performed either in secluded areas a focal point from prying eyeball or those who witness such things are unable or unsure of how to seek justice. Although most of the subscriber lineal laws regarding animal protection from humanity mistreatment were made in the early 19th Century, according to Peter Sankoff and Steven neats book Animal Law in Australiasia, these laws fall short of bringing adequate justice to the cruelties deep down Australia and New Zealand. Activists, academics, law professionals and umteen others share this view, giving even more reason to amend relevant commandment to cover any discrepancies and loopholes. Animal law has only recently emerged as a studied genre of law, which means it is s pocket-sizely becoming more kn proclaim.The constitution is the basis for all Australian law and in this case, particularly from section 51. Firstly, section 51 of the Constitution provides that the Parliament shall have spot to arrest laws for peace, order and good government of the ground with value to 39 subject matters, known as heads of index. Although the constitution itself doesnt outline laws regarding animals other than fish, it does give the conditions in which other laws can be created. The Commonwealth can enact any law, provided that the law is characterized as being under at least cardinal of the heads of might. Subject to some limitations, a law that is characterized as being one with respect to one of these heads of power will be valid although it may regulate some other matter that is not specifically allocated to the Commonwealth (such as animal benefit). Through external affairs powers and corporations power came these treaties Examples of the treaties formed with other countries are as follows * The collection on Biological Diversity 1992,* The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of unfounded Fauna and Flora 1973, * The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species and Wild Animals 1979 (the Bonn Convention) and * The Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific 1976 (the Apia Convention).Mechanisms of Reform- Non-Government Organizations.Lawyers For Animals is an scheme utilise to advocating the demand to improve animal welfare through education and law, as well as Voiceless. Voiceless is a non-profit organization dedicated to fostering networks for law professionals, academics and politicians to influence law and the adopt for law reform regarding animal welfare. They conduct research regarding agricultural manufacture practices, exposing legalized cruelty and promoting need for debate. They in addition attempt to inform the public about consuming and which products have and have not come from low quality, quantity breeders. They recognize the need for a voice that projects the facts of cruelty among everyday people and corporations that give focus to law reform and law make in relation to the protection and rights of animals. By building a forum, social justice movement, funding in education, participation in events and forming relationships with law schools and firms, Voiceless hopes to provoke change and cognizantness about animal welfare. The key issues that have been addressed as contemporary issues regarding this subject are* Animals as property* Animals in agriculture* Animal welfare legislation* Labeling* Live animal exporting* Intensive livestock production and climate change* Animals used for scientific purposes* Animals used for entertainment* Pets* Pests* Wild animals* Fish and crustaceansThese are a vast range of issues, which call for a vast range of bills to be maintaind from a large number of interested politicians. Having animals as property and pets, means that we as humans own them. We dictate what it is they eat, drink, do etc. We are responsible for taking care of them, and the blatant fact is that many people dont. As Gary Francione, distinguished professor of law, sta tes animals are as a matter of law, completely means to human ends. As such, their value is measured in terms of their usefulness to humans, and not in terms of their own interests. The Animal Legal Defence Fund (ALDF), was established in 1979 and has more than 100,000 dedicated lawyer members who apply their skills in a number of ways in order to protect the lives and bestride the interests of animals through the legal system.For example, the Litigation Program files cutting-edge lawsuits to stop the abuse of companion animals, and animals abused in industries including factory farming and the entertainment business while the Criminal Justice Program works with law enforcement and prosecutors to seek maximum penalties for animal abusers. ALDF has also been at the forefront of law reform in respect to one that can actually make a difference. With changing times also comes the once exposit as likely to be the next great social justice movement, animal welfare is becoming more wel l known. Universities have been reflecting this growing issue, providing more and more opportunities for education on and relating to animal rights and animals and the environment. Examples of such debates for reform topics and their respectable supporters ( as found on http//www.alrc.gov.au/news-media/2008/will-animal-rights-become-next-great-social-justice-movement) are below* Arguments in favour of basic legal rights for nonhumans (Steven Wise President, Center for the Expansion of Fundamental Rights Inc., Coral Springs, Florida, USA ) * Suicide fodders the anthropomorphising of animals (Prof remember Kingwell, Uni of Toronto) * Animal rights activists case against the animal industries (Tom Regan, American philosopher and animal rights activist) * The philosophy behind animal welfare (Geoffrey unfold, Geoffrey Bloom Associates) * The law and pig farming (Dr Malcolm Caulfield, legal counsel for Animals Australia) * Animals and the law in Australia a livestock industry perspe ctive ( Kathleen Plowman General Manager Policy for Australian Pork Ltd, with Alan Person and John Topfer) * The treatment of feral animals (Graeme McEwen, Barristers Animal eudaimonia Panel) * The ethics of animal biotechnology (Professors Mickey Gjerris and Peter Sandoe, University of Copenhagen) * Animal derived food labelling (Katrina Sharman, Corporate Counsel, Voiceless, the fund for animals) * The common law and animal rights (Nichola Donovan, Lawyers for Animals) * Animals, guardianship and the local courtsAnother benefit humans get from animals is profit. Breeding and meat production are industries where greed comes into play and animals needs and rights are forgotten. These NGOs raise awareness and with the help of media, put pressure on the courts and parliament to introduce change. Certain ministers will be targeted and issues put forward to so that agencies have a representative in court.Animal Laws that already exsist* Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)* Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT)* Prevention of unmercifulness to Animals Act 1979 (NSW)* Animal Care Protection Act 2001 (QLD)* Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA)* Animal Welfare Act 1993 (TAS)* Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (VIC)* Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WAThe shortcomings of these laws are the lack of equal treatment among animals used for scientific research and those that are pets. Eg Cats will receive better treatment than pigs, as they are pets and pigs are used simply to grow and once they are grown, to eat. Again, seen as property undecomposed to humans, which goes against the rules of law. The majority of the difficulties with enforcement stem from the manner by which the power to enforce animal welfare legislation is granted. The power is granted to* State government departments* the RSPCA* and the police.Much of the enforcement is carried out by the RSPCA. It is the state and territory governments that are responsible for enacting legislation appropriate to their areas, therefore th is will be done through the New South Wales Law Reform Commission. The New South Wales Law Reform Commission takes care of localized matters in relation to the state and the Australian Law Reform Commission takes care of matters to do with international treaties of trade and animal treatment. The New South Wales Law Reform Commission may be the pinnacle of law making bodies for New South Wales, The Australian Law Reform Commission itself recognizes the altering times and calls for change passim the country. Dated 19th May 2009, David Weisbrot, President of the ALRC spoke at the University of Sydney about their views upon the issue, with the NGO Voiceless.He stated that I think we need national or at least harmonised legislation that protects animal welfare and is not set at the lowest common denominator or is so pierce with loopholes that you could drive a large factory farm truck though. From the President of the ALRC itself, one would have to latch on actions were being made in establishing new laws regarding animals, however it is not so. In the recent years, there has been often talk of changes yet no actions or amendments have been put in place as a follow through of this talk. David also stated that we evolve over time, resulting in the need for law reform and that it is this slow and painstakingly gradual task. Reasons for law reform regarding animal welfareAn example of the altering views are prime in the subject of Sweden banning importations of Australian wool in the fear that it would be musical accompaniment mulesing. This could go on to be a major issue for the wool trade industry. Another imagination is that of the changing and growing world, as the population grows, so does the need for food. This pressures farmers into states of mass production Eg The mass breeding and steroid use in chickens so that they reach adulthood 10x faster than usual, leaving their legs to break and change under the abnormal weight that grows too fast for the rest of the body to keep up. These chickens have shorter and highly painful life spans, are kept in battery cages where there is no room for them to travel or sit. This issue has been addressed in documentaries attempting to make the public aware of the cruel and selfish origin their produce is coming from and spur politicians into addressing the subject with observance of practices and laws to protect such animals.As is seen in the many above genres relating to animals as pets, food and many other things, a massive need for appropriate and widespread legislation has surfaced. Ways of mass production are under complete exam for cruel practices, while more monitoring of animal owners has become paramount for the RSPCA. Universities have opened doors to educating the worlds young person about this topic, providing a new force of law trained individuals, able to influence people within their league into the advertisement and hopeful altering of menses laws. These trained profession als have the ability to uncover the shortcomings of current laws that have been so far swept under the rug, and take them to members of the State and Federal Governments for consideration.The Non-Government Organizations such as the RSPCA or Voiceless project widely held views of the public, who may not be as educated or influential within the political spectrum, but allow the public a say all the same. With a new influx of technology from the late 20th into modern 21st century, brings both positive and controvert possibilities when monitoring and even bringing about animal cruelty. That is, one can use cameras placed in chicken farms to monitor such breeding, but it is the development of scientific technology that has allowed such abnormal ontogeny in the first place. Education towards use of technology in a morally aware way should be a priority for the government, as well as making the public more aware of those cruelties that happen every single day. By making the public large ly aware of various aspects of animal cruelty, many more opinions can be altered to support the work of the RSPCA and Voiceless, so that both the N.S.W Law Reform Commission and Australian Law Reform Commission can alter their own priorities and make changes to relative legislation.Bibliography* http//www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/welfare* http//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/reform* http//www.lawyersforanimals.org.au/documents/Animal-Law-Subject-Proposal.pdf * http//lawyersforanimals.org.au/* http//www.federationpress.com.au/bookstore/book.asp?isbn=9781862877191 * http//www.animallaw.info/nonus/articles/ovaustrailia.htm * http//lsa.net.au/wcb-content/uploads/lsa/files/2011/Animal%20Law%20-%20a%20need%20for%20reform%20(LSA%20State%20Conference%20March%202011).pdf * http//www.alrc.gov.au/news-media/2008/will-animal-rights-become-next-great-social-justice-movement * http//www.alrc.gov.au/news-media/2009/voiceless-animal-law-lecture-series

The Mayor of Casterbridge Essay Example for Free

The Mayor of Casterbridge EssayThis essay depart demonstrate and analyse how Thomas courageous uses the first two chapters of this book as a prologue to the rest of the novel. To establish this, this essay will take brazens style and use of language. This sort of style is sooner an an unique, which is probably why he used it. early(a) cardinal elements are the backdrop and how they are linked to Hardy himself, the themes and the management he exemplifies characters. The briny character, Michael Henc with child(p), is tumble tongue to to be of fine figure and swarthy. He wore a short, brown corduroy jacket, a fustian waistcoat, suntanned leggings, white horn more(prenominal)overtons and white breeches.Also, he wore a straw hat. At the beginning of the narrative, Michael is holding a tool-bag. This shows that Michael is a man of the trade. This flows with what Hardy says about Henchard being a skilled countryman. Michaels entrance to the story is palpable, yet unt il later on in the novel, we dont in truth fill in his name. Until the 6th page, 3rd paragraph, Michael is referred to as, amongst separate things, the man. This craps a import of suspense as the referee wishes to read further to find out who this person is and what his name.The reader discovers that he is indeed the husband of Susan the woman he is accompanying. He doesnt play the role of a husband or a father at all (we withal find out that he and Susan soak up a baby called Elizabeth-Jane. He re chief(prenominal)s using similar behaviour until chapter two. The first time he actually opened his mouth to talk, was, when addressing a worker around Weydon-Priors. The second time, one page later, was when he briefly replied to Susan in pg 4/5, when Susan is telling him to go to the Good Furmity Sold Here tent at the fair, instead of the Good Home-brewed Beer, Ale and Cyder tent.His disinclination to go to the furmity tent is shown when he says, Ive never tasted it. At this p oint, he finally shows some responsibility as he gave way to he playations the her being Susan. His carelessness is over again shown on page six, where he gets drunk from the excessive rum in his furmity. He thus goes on further, when he states how he got married too puppyish. Michael puts himself and Susan in great shame when he auctions her. At this point, we dont know whether its the take up talking, or if he really feels this way.We are persuaded that Michael really wants to rid of his wife, when, on pages 8/9/10, he pursues his selling, until finally a bidder puts the money on the table and the exchange is made. Hardy shows that Henchard really is a malicious man, without any thought to his responsibility. We know this by the language used he talks naughtily of Susan I married at 18, like the charge that I was and this is the consequence ot. We finally see the spinal column of Susan, telling us that the exchange was true and complete. Overall, we see that Michael is a man who doesnt see his responsibilities and likes to live a single persons lifespan.He is careless in some of actions and is easily taken under the influence of drink the reason why he auctioned his wife. In Chapter Two, however, we discover, that Michael didnt have the slightest clue of what he did the previous night. This is shown as he thinks back of what he had done, and showed great regret. We know this as he travels around the fair in hunt of his wife and later takes a serious oath, for such an alcoholic as Henchard especially. Michael then travels around the intermediate in search of Susan.Later, around page 17, we discover Henchard to be make a vow as to not drink spirits for 21 years, as spirit was the reason why he muzzy his ex-wife I, Michael Henchard, on this morning of the 16th of September, do take an oath before God here in this solemn place that I will avoid all beefed-up liquors for the space of 21 years. His engagement is significant to the play because it changes his outlook he becomes a less rowdy person a Mayor. This also surrenders him to find Susan, as his perspective is broadened he can sort out his priorities. Susan is first introduced at the kindred time as Michael.Shes described as being pretty and having a half-apathetic convention. Michael and Susan have a declining relationship. Susan doesnt confabulation with Michael and dear saunters along with him silently. As with Michael, we dont discover Susans name at first. This is probably because Thomas wants to set the sight first, then the characters, etc. Although we dont know that Susan and Michael are in wedlock, we o know that Susan is the mother of young Elizabeth-Jane. She and Michael dont hold forth until the dialogue where Susan encourages Michael to go the furmity rent, instead of the alcoholic tent page 4.This proves that Susan is the most sensible out of the two. Although Susan whitethorn have made the most sensible choice, she still didnt escape shame and pai n. She discovers Michaels bad side, as he has too much rum in his furmity. We know that this isnt the first time, Henchard has behaved this way previously, as Hardy writes, The young woman his wife, who seemed accustomed to such remarks She isnt noticeed much, until the auction scene, when she tells Michael how his behaviours is inappropriate and irresponsible and is just making a fool of himself.Later on in page eight, Susan gets more serious, realising the great significance of Michaels actions Come, come, it is getting dark, and this nonsense habit do. If you dont come along, I shall go without you. Come The repetition shows her concern and desperation to avoid the situation. Susan tries to maintain her dignity and pride by agreeing to all of the selling, probably to rid herself of such humiliation and torture. We know instantly that Susan downslope the whole ordeal as she went out of the tent sobbing bitterly. Although the furmity lady, moreover has a brief calve to play in the story, she is still quite important. She is first mentioned in page pentad. She is described as haggish and is state to be of fifty years of age. She was wearing a white apron, reaching almost all the way around her waist. Her whole actions were to stir the large pot of furmity, which consists of grain, flour, milk, raisins, currants, etc. She seems to be just a furmity lady, unless Hardys crone-like description of her fits nicely with her slyness as she laces the furmity with quite a bent of rum.She appears again at the rat of the page when she served Michael and Susan a bowl of furmity. She has a quite a persuasive character as she convinces Michael to have some rum. This cogitatet more profit for her. Apart from the above, her last appearance was when the auction was maturing she told Susan that it was the drink talking and that Michael didnt mean what he was saying. The furmity lady represents the working-class of Weydon-Priors. Especially as she is part of the fai r, she seems to have a nomadic life always moving around to different locations.As she is reacquainted with Susan later on, Hardy skilfully relates the furmity lady to the drop of rural life, The turnip-hoer first had an appearance on page 3. He told Michael about the type of work visible(prenominal) in Weydon-Priors. The turnip-hoer had a very brief appearance in the novel indeed. He did have quite a significant part, as the reader discovers that there was a pretermit of work for the working-class and that Weydon-Priors was a changing area, good for some, bad for most. He represents the economic state of the village and is a typical countryman.The mention of the Fair almost automatically implies that it has some connotation in the anecdote. He had a hoe on one shoulder and a dinner-bag suspended from it as well. Hardy describes the turnip-hoer as being a pessimist. This shows that he just saw things from the bad side and didnt really look for any good in anything. He probably u sed that word as he replied negatively to anything Henchard asked. Then, he mentions the Fair Day the further way of getting any money in most cases. We contract quite a lot about Wessex and the way of life there in the first few pages of Chapter One.This is due mainly to the turnip-hoer. From him, we learn that there is a shortage of jobs. Due to the time setting, it is quite obvious to those with knowledge of history, that it is the time of the industrial Revolution. The chronicle fits in efficiently with the time setting, before the nineteenth century had reached one-third of its span this was during the eyeshade of the Industrial Revolution 1709 to 1853. We then discover that homes are being knocked down to make way for the industrial buildings. Therefore, life must be quite hard for the working-class.This is shown by the turnip-hoer saying how there is a lack of employment lack of money. We know this because, Weydon-Priors is at the threshold of being an industrial city. The only way of making money outside the industrial side, it seems, is to work in the Fair or sell horses. The Fair is jammed with people and full of life. Different activities and different fairs to visit, for pattern, toy-stands, waxworks, medicine men, and so forth. Hardy uses a varied do work of vocabulary in this text, but most of the book uses a sophisticated range of vocabulary.Examples of sophisticated choices include Hardy uses this wide range of lexis effectively to make an effective description of an object or person. By using efficient language, Hardy creates a good picture in the mind of the reader. He does this by describing something with great detail. For example, when he first introduced Michael, he used great detail in order to modernize sufficient imagery. The man was of fine figure, swarthy, and stern in aspect and he showed in profile a facial angle so slightly inclined as to be almost perpendicular. He goes on to use analogous detail in describing his atti re. It is quite obvious that Hardy likes to use detail in his descriptions. This is required to produce a vivid image for the reader. The result of this is a strong and almost take aim picture of the object or person in question created in the mind. This can help the reader understand further things mentioned in the story and the relevance and significance of things mentioned. The structure of Hardy sentences varies occasionally, but the boilersuit lengths of the sentences are long.This is typical of the time period early 1900s This provides a neutral nimbus, as shorter sentences or pauses give a tenser ambience. A good example of the use of shorter sentences, is during the auctioning of Susan, The sailor hesitated a moment, looked anew at the woman, came in, unfolded five crisp pieces of paper The lengths of the paragraphs also vary, but most of them are long, which is typical of the time period. When a more important scene is written in The Mayor Of Casterbridge, Hardy uses ve ry long paragraphs to create a significant flow in the action.Apart from the narrators language, there is the language used by the characters. The characters language varies from their class, but is quite similar. They use northern dialect and they dont pronounce all of the letters this emphasises the setting of the novel. This presents the way northerners speak. An example of this vernacular is, and this is the consequence ot. There isnt much dialogue until the auction scene. This creates quite a tense atmosphere with some suspense. A very significant factor of language, is the relationship between Michael and Susan. They dont speak habitually at all.They converse a small amount at the Fair, only to talk about things like lodging. This is jussive mood as it clearly depicts the relationship between the two Henchards they dont have a close affiliation and only communicate when necessary. Most of the early chapters are based on the theme of marriage. This is because, Michael and Sus an were married and Michael sold Susan because he was saying how fed up he was with marriage. The further actions made by Henchard were reflections to what he had done he swore to give up spirits for twenty-one years, he went in search for Susan due to marriage and perhaps love.At the scene of the auction, the only people who seem to have some reverence for the sacred connect of matrimony, are Susan and the furmity lady. Susan is the only person who tries to put the whole state of affairs to a halt, Mike, Mike, this is getting serious. O too serious The repetition shows her concern. The furmity tries to reassure Susan that Michael is just under the influence of drink, Others just encourage Michael, Theres them that would do that, this shows that they find such an offer common. For the rest of the customers in the tent, it appeared to be a sort of entertainment.The economy plays quite an important part in the tale as well. This is because Michael and Susan first went towards Wey don-Priors, because Henchard was in search of employment. Change is unvarnished in the area of Weydon-Priors as the turnip-hoer told Michael of the knocking down of the houses, lack of vocation. The quality and style of life will obviously be changed by this new revolution. By mentioning or hinting the industrial revolution, Hardy sets the time and setting of the anecdote well, making it more realistic. Hardy uses the theme of nature in The Mayor Of Casterbridge, but only occasionally in the first two chapters.An example of Hardy doing this, is on page two, half-apathetic expression of on who deems anything possible at the hands of Time and run a risk except, perhaps, fair play. The first phase was that work of disposition As you may notice, Hardy used capital letters for the beginning of the three words Time, Chance and Nature. He might have done this to make the three words stand out and allow the reader to see their significance. Time and Chance seem to control occurrences. Time things are going to happen, its just a matter of time when. Chance sometimes.People can be lucky and have venture on their side. Nature the contrasts between man and nature. Fate seems to play a small, but quite important role in the anecdote. Hardy uses this element skilfully. It assists the auction scene with the entrance of the sailor. It would have been quite hard for the sailor to hear the auctioneers voice from outside he was destined to meet and purchase Susan and Elizabeth-Jane. Hardy shows how Henchard develops quite quickly in the prologue. He begins as a man who seems to be oblivious of his duties to his wife and infant.The main event which convinces Michael he has to revolutionize his conduct. After getting under the influence of spirits, he humiliates his wife and then puts her on the market. When he becomes abstemious, he realises his faux pas and falls in to a state of remorse. The next day, he starts to search for his spouse. After failing to locate Susan in th e Fair, he makes an oath to avoid all strong liquors for the space of twenty-one years This shows that he has realised that the main cause of the whole dilemma was the alcohol.another(prenominal) example of him following a new route, is the narrators text, seemed relieved at having made a start in a new direction. This is a sort of quest for Michael to give up alcohol and to find his disjointed partner. The type of narration used is third person narrative. The reader is only given limited information as to whats happening. The conscious narrator decides what and how information is revealed. An example of this is the concealing of Henchards name. We dont have full knowledge that Susan and Henchard are married their relationship together.This makes the reader want to continue reading to discover the role and significance of the character. Hardy uses language effectively to get the appropriate mood and atmosphere. He uses sufficient imagery when he wants to give the reader a detail ed description of the scene. He uses symbolism to assist this, e. g. at the Fair, Hardy refers to the horses to represent Susan, as the horses are also being sold. He uses varied sentence structure to achieve tension. Although most other writers would use shorter sentences to create anxiety, Thomas uses commas as well. An example of this, is at the end of CH 1.Hardy uses protracted sentences, but with commas to create a depressing atmosphere. The whole of the story after the auctioning of Susan, is founded on that very act. The main outline of the first two chapters is quite simple. Firstly, the couple enter Weydon-Priors. Then, they visit the Fair and go to a furmity tent. Michael gets drunk and offers to sell his wife, Susan. After much pondering, a sailor approaches Henchard and purchases Susan, who is accompanied by Elizabeth-Jane. Michael, the next morning, realises what he did in his drunken rage. He makes a vow to never touch any spirits for 21 years.Michael finds that he ha s lost Susan forever, or so he thinks After the selling of Susan, all of Michaels actions were based on that event. Before CH. 3 continues, a lot time passes Hardy likes to use time in his writing. As you can see in the brief plot of the story above, all of the actions made reverberated the auction. Michael made a vow due to the auction, he went in search of Susan because of the sale, etc. Hardy cleverly makes an impression in the readers mind at the beginning of the story. This makes the reader want to read further to discover the following events.From this essay, I have learnt about Hardys style, his use of things like Nature, Time and so on. I have learnt of Thomas lexis and structure. The overall language he uses is different to other authors in the sense that he uses very sophisticated expression and refers to seemingly irrelevant things to achieve sufficient effects symbolising. Also, we learn how Hardy develops characters and their identity, e. g. Michael. His description als o fluctuates to other publishments, as he refers to things like nature, chance and time he uses elements that might be relevant to him. Hes a unique author.

Memo- Gazprom and Itera Essay Example for Free

Memo- Gazprom and Itera EssayIn the case study of Gazprom and Itera, we see how different companies and governmental organizations piece of ass potentially be able to exploit a large company such as Gazprom for a large profit. Gazprom is a large gas and oil company that is valued very cheaply compared to some other large oil and gas companies (such as Exxon Mobil). Browder is a shareholder of Gazprom that identifies several questionable proceedings that were through by Gazprom and other organizations that have relationships with Gazprom. He is questioning why the undervaluation could have occurred based on the job being conducted by the oil giant.The problem that exists for Gazprom is that the market perceives the company to have lost 99 share of its assets, completely devaluing the price of its goods. In reality, only 10 percent of its assets were stolen, and the market is slowly trying to apprehend up to that truth. Browder is attempting to identify the transactions in o rder to solve the large problem at hand. These transactions include organizations that work with Gazprom such as Itera (a gas trading company) and PricewaterhouseCoopers (their internal auditor) devaluing the gas and oil Gazprom held in certain situations and reselling it for a profit. In one example, Itera bought gas valued at $35 a set from Turkmen gas and resold it to Gazprom for $45 a barrel. PwC thought this difference was acceptable due to transportation costs, rase though those were already delivern care of separately. In general, the lack of transparency and accountability being administered by management in Gazprom and its partner companies was a failure to its stockholders.Browders recommendations to the Russian government are vital, in the main due to the feature that it has a 38% controlling stake in Gazprom. Because the vast majority of the operations conducted by Gazprom occur inside Russias boundaries, it is up to the government to set the correct standards and c lose loopholes so that organizations and individuals will not exploit such situations. Browders recommendations to the U.S. and to the Board of Directors of Gazprom could be essential for enacting change within thecorporate environment to prevent such scrupulous transactions. Though these changes could prove helpful in the shakeup of the company in the long run, the international political environment does not provide Gazprom with the best situation. The fact that Russias governmental body has so much stake in the company can greatly complicate things due to the personal influence of those running the government.Several members of the Russian government could fulfill a personal agenda using the governments stake in the company as leverage (this could have been the case potentially with these transactions). This is also the case with PwC and Itera, both with a lot of power to take advantage of loopholes and other lucrative situations when it comes to Gazprom. There are several things Browder can do to combat this situation, exclusively I think his strategy will be a difficult one to execute alone. He would need to collect more shareholder power before he steps forward with the resolutions. Involving the U.S. and Russian government will be difficult due to the lethargic manner in which these situations can be resolved. Taking care of the company from within should be he first move, but only with the clutch number of people backing his plan.