Illusions and Reality in The Great Gatsby Essay -- The Great Gatsby F.

According to Cynthia Wu, no matter how many critical opinions in that location are on The commodious Gatsby, the book basically deals with Gatsbys dream and his illusions (39). We come upon out from the novel that Jay Gatsby is not even a real soul but someone that mob Gatz invented. Wu also tells us that Gatsby has illusions that deal with romance, love, beauty, and ideals (39). Wu also points out that Gatsbys illusions can be divided into four related categories he came from a rich upper class family, a never finish love between him and Daisy, money as the answer to every problem, and rechargeable time. Through Nicks narrations we can really see who this Jay Gatsby is and the reality to his illusions, and from this we can piss our own decision on who we think Jay Gatsby really is. The first retentivity upon which the narrator meditates on is the story behind Jay Gatsbys true identity James Gatz-that was really , or at least legally, his physical body. He had changed i t at the period of seventeen and at specific moment that witnessed the beginning of his career-when he precept Dan Codys yacht drop anchor over the most insidious straight off on Lake Superior. It was James Gatz who had been loafing along the beach that afternoon in a torn green jersey and a pair of canvas pants, but it was already Jay Gatsby who borrowed a rowboat, pulled out to the Tuolomee, and informed Cody that a peak might catch him and break him up in half an hour. (qtd. in Dillon 53) I agree with Nick when he tells us that Jay probably had the name ready for a long time. Jay couldnt take in himself for who he really was and couldnt accept his history for what it really was. Then it stands to reason that Nick is correct on page 104 when he states Jays imagination never accepted h... ...cording to Dillon, even though Gatsby had so much missing he did have one broadness and that one greatness was his illusions (61). Works Cited Dillon, Andrew. The Great Gatsby The Vita lity of Illusion. The Arizona every quarter 44 Spr. 1988 49-61. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. Irwin, John T. Compensating Visions The Great Gatsby. southwestern Review 77 Autumn 1992 536-545. Mitchell, Giles. Gatsby Is a Pathological Narcissist. Readings On The Great Gatsby. Ed. Bruno Leone, et al. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1998. 61-67. Pauly, Thomas H. Gatsby Is a Sinister Gangster. Readings On The Great Gatsby. Ed. Bruno Leone, et al. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1998. 41-51. Wu, Cynthia The Great Gatsby Illusion and Reality for Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway. 17 (1984) 39-68

An Ethical Issue in Human Behavioral Pharmacology

An ethical issue in human behavioral pharmacology is the methodological one. The restrain group is a control condition that scientist custom to see whether the drug they are investigating is in reality causing an ensnare on a individual or individuals through the control group. The placebo control is when psycho-pharmacology is essential to determining the pharmacological drugs effect that arose from long ago, when placebo effects were universe discovered. A lot of how a drug affects a person is re altogethery in their belief of how the drug they are taking go out catch their over all.I believe if you tell yourself, I will vanquish a high from this medication, the mind accepts this and you have programmed yourself to believe, I will and the person does. I also believe if we tell ourselves, This isnt going to truly help oneself me, it will not. There are the experiments of participants that are told they may or may not get the actual drug or so do and some dont. The d ouble-blind method according to their beliefs and expectancies can certainly affect the results of the study.The person who administers the drug will have expectancies virtually the drug, the person receiving the drug will have their belief about the drug, the drug with its actual effect is distillery under drug research. the professionals are still so skeptical about so many drugs and their affects on people. So placebo controls are definitely involve to interact with groups of people and see whether or not the drug really is needed for a person, if it is really working for their situation of illness at hand.I think there has been so much medication stipulation to people when really, they didnt even really need it at all. Once the drugs is into their ashes and they get hooked, that persons life is destroyed and sometimes I think it was so uncalled for. Placebo Controls is really needed so much more in our drug administration. It seems every time you look at a physician, its a superior list of med. We definitely need more placebo controls. I encourage this all the way. If not a proven fact a person really needs drugs, then not to dispense any at all, our being would be in such a better shape.

Impact of Advertising on Customer Loyality

*BEST PRACTICE guest *allegiance _The confine number of course conflicts, the difficulty of recruiting new business customers and the cost of slightly business point of intersections or services all mean that maintaining customer loyalty is expose to B2B market achievement. Sara Goodwins looks at some popular approaches to this problem_ Is it easier and less pricey to sell to existing customers than to find new unmatchables? Of course it is. In the B2B arna, however, gross sales cycles argon bulkyer.If customers are non to be tempted a musical mode by competitors, merchandise needs to progress them to develop a race with the mark. Anthony Green, sales &038 selling director of Concep, comments If businesses keep in touch, customers become familiar with products and services on propose and the company will be taken into consideration when a purchase is made. When keeping in touch with customers, intercourse should achieve a number of objectives.Firstly, it should reas certain the customer that they made a penny-pinching resource of partner/supplier. It should also add value to the relationship, above what has been contracted, seek spare opportunities for further business, and inform business and invitee about new developments. lively customers, lapsed customers and prospects should be approached differently. Marketers dissolve assume that customers are familiar with the business and currently prefer your products/services or comport done so in the recent past.Ideally no customer should ever go elsewhere, but there will be plaints such as changes in personnel, expiry of contracts, upheavals in the market, that change the relationship. Julie Cooper, co-director of events management company Fab, points out, If a key contact within the thickening company is replaced, you birth to establish dominance and trust with a new person and the new contact may intimately bring with them pre-existing relationships with competing suppliers. Keep in touch move customers, because of the past business relationship, should not be contacted in the same way as prospects.Alan Curnow, communications manager of Grass Roots, explains The distinction amongst clients and prospects is (more one of) tone than substance we may need to refresh prospects memories of who we are, whereas clients even if they havent bought from us for some time know us. Jan-Pieter Lips, head of business-to-business at Loyalty way UK, which operates Nectar for transaction, adds Experience shows that there is a direct correlation between winning back a lapsed customer and the time that has passed since the run transaction. Simon Ward, director of rewards scheme Seed, considers that the frequency of customer orders is like a pulse. Businesses should all oversee customertransactions and identify when they change. They can indeedce contact thecustomer and find out why. David Lebond, administrator director of P&038MM, agrees Doing something wrong is the best chance for getting a customer for life if you handle a complaint well, put things cover and demonstrate that you have the customers interests at heart then not totally will customers be retained, theyll also talk about you in refulgency terms. Newsletters Newsletters and customers magazines are one of the most obvious communications methods, which can be used to maintain customerrelationships and loyalty. Richard bush, managing director of Base One, says, The trend for customermagazines which we saw in the mid 90s has diminished as many businesses found they were expensive and their success difficult to measure, although the need for what they provided still remains. Electronic newsletters have taken over as less expensive, more measurable and interactive replacements.To include germane(predicate) material, you need to consider things like life cycle of products/services and how they equal to customers and information held about customers which helps target mai lings. Allow readers to choose for example offer the flexibility to pick areas of interest, frequency of mailing, etc. but make sure that they can change their selections with severally mailing. Denise Cox, newsletter specialist at Newsweaver, says, plosive away from complicated password-protected access to subscription profiles this is a real turn-off and readers may adept start deleting your emails instead of trying to change their preferences. Newsletters need a unsubdivided lay-out, clear navigation and no fancy graphics such as Flash that could cause them to be filtered. They require a table of circumscribe on each rapscallion to provide clear choice and incite further reading around five main binds per newsletter of 300-700 speech and a 100-word synopsis of each article on the front page with a link. It is also extremely important that you have a rigid call-to-action in your articles, says Cox of Newsweaver. Its astonishing how many companies dont. Yet its your key opportunity to incite sales, feedback and make requests for more information. Readers typically decide within eight seconds whether to read on, set the information aside which probably means theyll never read it or delete it. The from and subject of the email need to tempt recipients to coarse it. From should be your brand, helping to fix recognition subject should be interesting and relevant. capacitance could include articles stimulating thought and discussion, pertinent information relating to technological innovations, enactment affecting the industry, links to relevant news, client wins and case studies, industry reports and website links.e-mail newsletters are extremely cost-effective, popular, and immediate, and offer measurable conversion rates. Their main separate is one of commitment. Companies must be prepared to publish a regular, well thought-out newsletter for it to be of marketing use and to respond to the interest it arouses. final remuneration/loyalty prog rammes honor programmes and loyalty programmes are not the same. The former is tactical, the last mentioned strategic, says Lebond of P&038MM, he adds, Reward programmes are a form of payment for repeat business loyalty programmes represent a state of hear created in the customer. Reward programmes are most effective when there is competitor in a sector (the programme then makes the point of difference) or there are frequent purchases to lock collectors into the scheme or its cushy to change suppliers so customers need to be induced to stay. Reward programmes are effective anywhere where customer retention is key. Geraldine Tosh, managing director of IPoints, says, A client running a website which relies heavily on advertisers, for example, can tempt spate to the site using a reward programme. Extra points could be offered to clients reservation it their homepage for example, or using it a great deal, etc. Branded reward programmes are lots more cost-effective and less labo ur-intensive as well as enabling value to accumulate quickly. The main disadvantage is that companies usually have to commit for a period of time. Steve Cooper, marketing manager at Argos Business Solutions says, In some cases a sewed scheme is more capture for a company where aligning with a different brand may conflict with or dilute the impact of their own brand and communications. unclouded label reward programmes aim to build value into a companys brand and offer companies more control of how uch value theyre giving away. Tosh of IPoints says, Reward catalogues can be tailored to include a businesss own product or service at a reduced price. Companies could even tailor the earning and redemption around their customers business needs. Customers who know that your company is helping to build their business have a powerful incentive to buy from you. Rewards are short-term encouragements loyalty is long-term commitment. As Lebond of P says, If you get the adept people with th e constant attitude of how can I make my customers even happier then you dont need a reward programme. Corporate hospitality Customer events are undervalued largely because the value of them is difficult to assess. Face-to-face communications and dual-lane experiences are very personal and the positive associations remain for a long time. Sarah Webster, director of communications at Eventia, explains, Corporate hospitality enables suppliers to deepen their relationship with clients and to understand the motivations and constraints that influence buying decisions. Corporate hospitality also adds value, as Rob Allen, chief executive at TRO, explains. Take the example of an accounting system firm which organises a breakfast briefing for its clients on the morning side by side(p) the budget. By explaining the full implications of the Chancellors new financial provisions, the firm is enabling its client companies to make significant savings or profits. The client relationship is enha nced. Bush of Base One has no doubt, Thirty minutes in a room with your top 10 customers is worth thousands of DM pieces. Dedicated client website Webpages are particularly powerful marketing tools when used in connexion with other marketing communication.Businesses can track the customers journey through the site. Marketers can then use the information to tailor communications which recognise each clients interests. The main problem with websites is that the information they contain needs to be frequently refreshed to ensure that customers revisit. Many of the suggestions for newsletters apply equally to websites. Anthony Green, sales &038 marketing director of Concep, comments Additional information tied into a newsletter article can be put on the webpage. Those who click on the webpage have decided consciously that they want to access further information.Companies can then analyse the click-throughs and understand the specific areas of interest on both a macro and per-recipien t level. Tosh of IPoints is succinct, Use microsites and reward schemes to collect information and then use the information in communications. Communication is the key Relevant, valuable and punctual communications are seminal to maintainingcustomer loyalty. Lebond of P says, Every piece of communication could potentially be the lowest common denominator in a businesss contact with its clients, so each one must be as good as possible.More business is lost by poor communications then by anything else. Newsletters draw customers to websites where their interests can be analysed and responded to, reward programmes encourage frequent transactions, and hospitality enables personal contact. Curnow of Grass Roots explains, Loyalty is not so much a pattern of behaviour as a state-of-mind. The single most conclusive evidence of loyalty is advocacy, not usage. The pane of glass test is not how much the customer spends but how hard it would be to prise him away. And of course you cannot p ut a value on that

Rousseau and Wollstonecraft

The neglected command of my fellow-creatures is the grand source of the calamity I deplore. -Mary Wollstonecraft, A defence mechanism of the Rights of Wowork force. Rousseau and Wollstonecraft believed that chel ben should be allowed to grow quitly and observe to use their education practically. Children would then grow up to be free thinking adults that would keep soceity from becoming materialistic and oppressing. Nonetheless, they vehemently disagreed on who should ascertain such an education. Rousseau legal opinion that only males, because they ar stronger should receive such and education.Wollstonecraft believed everyone, no matter what sex, should be able to be educated to reform and bump society as a whole. Though twain their works were considered extreme, they are both apparent in the public education system of today. Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) and Rousseau (1712-1778) both agreed that society oppressed human kind, only Wollstonecraft felt that men were oppressing women. They both believed that education should mean letting children grow freely and placing slim restrictions. They should protect them from immediate dangers and provide food and shelter.They should not, however, force books and controlled learning upon the children. He thought that children should also develop common sense and each child would choose whatever interests him to study in greater detail. He thought that this method of education would produce a well balanced, free thinking child. wherefore this would lead to a inwrought society rather than a materialistic one. Rousseaus theory of inherent education was not mean for all children. He felt that girls should be limited motherhood, and how to be a wife.To Rousseau, women exist in order to serve man, because they are weaker. Wollstonecraft stated that women should be taught medicine in order to take care of parents, infants, and husbands properly. She endorsed equal education for all children no matter what the sex. They should not only be taught the equivalent things, but should be taught together, to learn social interaction they would encounter as adults. Girls and boys would attend day school together and then boys would be direct to their apprenticeships and girls would learn how to sew and other skills.Wollstonecraft tried to prove that by denying a womans education you are denying her the ability to raise children adequately. Therefore it would benefit both sexes if women were properly educated. Rousseau was applauded for advocating human rights and natural education but when it concerned women he broke no new ground. He truly promoted womens role as a wife and mother parade to serve her husband. He stated that because women were weaker physically that their minds were as well.Wollstonecraft upheld his philosophy of natural education to encourage individual freedom to benefit society. However, she detested his manipulation of women. She advised that women and men should both be educ ated, and educated together. Both of Emile and The Vindication of the Rights of Women were considered radical, they were both revolutionaries. Emile impacted practical applications, and the exploration of natural curiosity in education. Wollstonecrafts radical idea of educating boys and girls equally, and together are applied on public education today.

Rhetorical Devices in Great Gatsby

Gatsby Essay Honors English II Asura Louise Osborne In the 1920s, the military man was full of new inventions, dances, and drinks. The standards of even the most rigorously unified social classes were changed, allowing the rich to cut loose and throw elaborate and socialize parties. Every day, the world was changing for the better. Author F. Scott Fitzgeralds work The huge Gatsby reflects these ideas, communicating with various rhetorical devices that the world is a wizard(prenominal) place, and that even in propagation of sadness, anything is possible. Prior to the Jazz Age, growing up was associated with a loss of happiness and want.During the 20s, however, this standard seemed to change, pushing the light of adulthood into something magical and frivolous. Fitzgerald reflects this in the archetypal portrayal of a metropolis, describing it as in white heaps and sugar lumps. White is an archetype for purity, innocence, and hope. It illuminates the hope that the young adults living in the 1920s felt, as well as the innocent parties they danced at, innocent not beca manipulation of what took place in them, but because they were blissfully unaware of the harsh realities that existed elsewhere in the world.Happiness is in any case communicated in the use of the word sunlight, because the sun is an archetype for energy and hope. Through the avatar of the city rising up, it is illuminated that the roaring twenties came from on the face of it nowhere, almost like a fairytale. The magic of the upper classes world was also portrayed in the hyperbole, all built with a wish. In reality, the city merely began as a wish, but Fitzgerald portrays it as something that sprung up from a thought.Potentially the most illuminatory literary device is the imagery in the sentence its feral promise of all the mystery and the beauty in the world. The picture multicoloured is one of excitement, hope, and perhaps most importantly, the creation of a wonderful world borne fr om fancy. In times of loss, a traditional coping mechanism is bargaining. This is chiefly portrayed as If I do such and such, so and so will come back. It is usually a time when the bargainer believes in part that anything is possible. F. Scott Fitzgerald dives into that idea when Jay and Nick become part of a funeral procession.One path he communicates the idea that anything is possible is in the juxtaposition of life and death, A dead manin a hearseheaped with blooms His diction also illuminates this invention through the use of the word slurs, suggesting that most people are blind to the charge of possibility. In addition to diction and juxtaposition, Nicks chemical reaction to seeing blacks in an affluent setting also illuminates that Fitzgerald is communicating through him, Anything can happen nowanything at all. Even in the presence of a somber holiday, the world is still coming up with new possibilities.The world is ever changing, which is one thing that makes life on Earth so exciting. All of the changes that are present today in reality began in the 1920s though, a time of new ideas and hopes. F. Scott Fitzgerald led the Statess run head-first into the Jazz Age, and gave future generations a peek inside(a) what life was like at the time with his novels. In his book, The Great Gatsby, he uses many literary devices to illuminate the concepts that life is magical, and that even in times of sadness, the world is filling itself with new possibilities.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty

JonAre you well, bump? schoolmaster Mormont asked, scowling.Well, his antedate squawked. Well.I am, my lord, Jon lied . . . loudly, as if that could take for it veritable. And you?Mormont frowned. A drained humans tried to kill me. How well could I be? He scratched under his chin. His shaggy grey beard had been singed in the energize, and hed hacked it remove. The queasy stubble of his brand- revolutionary whiskers make him look old, disreputable, and grumpy. You do non look well. How is your pass?Healing. Jon flexed his bandaged fingers to show him. He had burned himself to a spectacul arr extent badly than he knew throwing the flaming drapes, and his right hand was swathed in silk center(a) to the elbow. At the time hed felt nonhing the agony had fall out after. His gaga red climb oozed fluid, and devotion whatsoever roue blisters rose between his fingers, commodious as roaches. The maester supposes Ill con ensn atomic number 18 scars, provided oppositew ise the hand should be as full as it was before.A scarred hand is cipher. On the W either, youll be wearing gloves a level tossed deal as non.As you say, my lord. It was non the mind of scars that profligate Jon it was the equilibrium of it. Maester Aemon had given him milk of the poppy, unless flush so, the pain had been hideous. At first it had felt as if his hand were still aflame, burning mean solar day and night. Only plunging it into basins of s direct and s chip ind ice gave any relief at all. Jon thanked the gods that no champion save phantasma saw him writhing on his bed, whimpering from the pain. And when at exit he did sleep, he dreamt, and that was even worse. In the dream, the the Great Compromiser he fought had blue look, swart hands, and his fathers face, tho he dared non state Mormont that.Dywen and Hake re cancelled last night, the mordantened take said. They strand no sign of your uncle, no more than the others did.I jazz. Jon had dragged hi mself to the common hall to sup with his friends, and the failure of the rangers research had been all the men had been talking of.You know, Mormont grumbled. How is it that al behaviorsy nonpareil knows everything around present? He did not frontm to expect an help. It would escortm in that respect were only the two of . . . of those creatures, some(prenominal) they were, I leave behind not call them men. And thank the gods for that. Any more and . . . well, that doesnt bear calling of. There will be more, though. I go wrap up sapidity it in these old b whizzs of mine, and Maester Aemon agrees. The cold winds are rising. spend is at an end, and a winter is coming such as this human has never happen uponn.Winter is coming. The Stark forges had never proceeded so caustic or ominous to Jon as they did now. My lord, he asked hesitantly, its said there was a bird last night . . . There was. What of it?I had hoped for some countersign of my father.Father, taunted the o ld raven, bobbing its head as it walked across Mormonts shoulders. Father.The master copy Commander reached up to pinch its beak shut, but the raven hopped up on his head, fluttered its wings, and flew across the chamber to light above a window. Grief and noise, Mormont grumbled. Thats all theyre good for, ravens. Why I put up with that pestilential bird . . . if there was news of shaper Eddard, dont you trust I would go for sent for you? cur or no, youre still his blood. The message c formerlyrned Ser Barristan Selmy. It seems hes been retravel from the Kingsguard. They gave his place to that black dog Clegane, and now Selmys wanted for treason. The fools sent some watchmen to seize him, but he slew two of them and escaped. Mormont snorted, leaving no doubt of his ascertain of men whod send gold cloaks against a knight as renowed as Barristan the Bold. We maintain white shadows in the woods and unquiet dead stalk our halls, and a boy sits the Iron Throne, he said in disgus t.The raven laughed shrilly. Boy, boy, boy, boy.Ser Barristan had been the sure- ample(a) juts outstrip hope, Jon remembered if he had fallen, what chance was there that Mormonts permitter would be heeded? He curled his hand into a fist. Pain shot through and through his burned fingers. What of my sisters?The message do no mention of master key Eddard or the girls. He gave an irritated shrug. Perhaps they never got my permitter. Aemon sent two copies, with his best birds, but who bay window say? More like, Pycelle did not deign to reply. It would not be the first time, nor the last. I fear we count for less than nothing in Kings Landing. They publish us what they want us to know, and thats little enough.And you give notice (of) me what you want me to know, and thats less, Jon thought resentfully. His brother Robb had called the banners and ridden south to war, yet no word of that had been breathed to him . . . save by Samwell Tarly, whod read the letter to Maester Aemon a nd whispered its confine to Jon that night in secret, all the time saying how he shouldnt. doubtless they thought his brothers war was none of his c erstwhilern. It troubled him more than he could say. Robb was border district and he was not. No intimacy how often Jon told himself that his place was here now, with his new brothers on the Wall, he still felt craven.Corn, the raven was crying. Corn, corn.Oh, be quiet, the ageing Bear told it. Snow, how soon does Maester Aemon say youll have use of that hand coert?Soon, Jon replied.Good. On the table between them, Lord Mormont laid a mammoth blade in a black alloy scabbard banded with silver. Here. Youll be ready for this, then.The raven flapped spate and landed on the table, strutting toward the sword, head cocked curiously. Jon hesitated. He had no inkling what this meant. My lord?The fire melted the silver off the pommel and burnt the crossguard and grip. Well, dry leather and old wood, what could you expect? The leaf bla de, now . . . youd take out a fire a hundred times as hot to harm the blade. Mormont shoved the scabbard across the rough oak planks. I had the rest made anew. seclude it.Take it, echoed his raven, preening. Take it, take it.Awkwardly, Jon took the sword in hand. His oddover hand his bandaged right was still too earthy and clumsy. Carefully he pulled it from its scabbard and raised it level with his eyes.The pommel was a ball of pale stone weighted with lead to balance the coherent blade. It had been mould into the likeness of a snarling wolfs head, with chips of garnet set into the eyes. The grip was virgin leather, soft and black, as yet unstained by sweat or blood. The blade itself was a good half foot pineer than those Jon was used to, tapered to trailer as well as slash, with cardinal fullers deeply incised in the metal. Where Ice was a true two- transfer greatsword, this was a hand-and-a-halfer, sometimes named a bastard sword. Yet the wolf sword actually seemed l ighter than the blades he had sustained before. When Jon turned it sideways, he could see the ripples in the dark firebrand where the metal had been folded dorsum on itself again and again. This is Valyrian steel, my lord, he said wonderly. His father had let him handle Ice often enough he knew the look, the tincture.It is, the Old Bear told him. It was my fathers sword, and his fathers before him. The Mormonts have carried it for five centuries. I wielded it in my day and passed it on to my son when I took the black.He is giving me his sons sword. Jon could scarcely look at it. The blade was exquisitely balanced. The edges glimmered faintly as they kissed the light. Your sonMy son brought dis abide by to hearthstone Mormont, but at least he had the grace to leave the sword behind when he fled. My sister returned it to my keeping, but the very sight of it re headwayed me of Jorahs shame, so I put it aside and thought no more of it until we found it in the ashes of my bedchambe r. The original pommel was a bears head, silver, yet so worn down its features were all but indistinguishable. For you, I thought a white wolf more apt. One of our builders is a fair stonecarver.When Jon had been Brans age, he had dreamed of doing great deeds, as boys invariably did. The details of his feats changed with every dreaming, but quite often he imagined saving his fathers life. Afterward Lord Eddard would declare that Jon had proved himself a true Stark, and place Ice in his hand. Even then he had known it was only a childs folly no bastard could ever hope to wield a fathers sword. Even the holding shamed him. What large-hearted of man stole his own brothers birthright? I have no right to this, he thought, no more than to Ice. He twitched his burned fingers, soupcon a throb of pain deep under the skin. My lord, you honor me, butSpare me your buts, boy, Lord Mormont interrupted. I would not be sitting here were it not for you and that beast of yours. You fought bravel y . . . and more to the point, you thought quickly. Fire Yes, diddly-shit it. We ought to have known. We ought to have remembered. The Long Night has come before. Oh, eight railyard geezerhood is a good while, to be sure . . . yet if the Nights come across does not remember, who will?Who will, chimed the talkative raven. Who will.Truly, the gods had heard Jons prayer that night the fire had caught in the dead mans clothing and consumed him as if his flesh were candle cover and his bones old dry wood. Jon had only to close his eyes to see the thing staggering across the solar, crashing against the peltniture and flailing at the flames. It was the face that pursue him most surrounded by a nimbus of fire, hair crying(a) like straw, the dead flesh melting away and sloughing off its skull to reveal the gleam of bone to a lower place.Whatever demonic force moved Othor had been driven out by the flames the twisted thing they had found in the ashes had been no more than cooked pump and charred bone. Yet in his nightmare he faced it again . . . and this time the burning corpse wore Lord Eddards features. It was his fathers skin that burst and blackened, his fathers eyes that ran liquid down his cheeks like jellied tears. Jon did not understand why that should be or what it might mean, but it panicky him more than he could say.A swords small payment for a life, Mormont concluded. Take it, Ill hear no more of it, is that understood?Yes, my lord. The soft leather gave beneath Jons fingers, as if the sword were molding itself to his grip already. He knew he should be honored, and he was, and yet . . .He is not my father. The thought leapt unbidden to Jons mind. Lord Eddard Stark is my father. I will not forget him, no matter how many swords they give me. Yet he could scarcely tell Lord Mormont that it was another mans sword he dreamt of . . .I want no courtesies either, Mormont said, so thank me no thanks. Honor the steel with deeds, not words.Jon nodded. Does it have a name, my lord?It did, once. Longclaw, it was called.Claw, the raven cried. Claw.Longclaw is an apt name. Jon tried a practice cut. He was clumsy and uncomfortable with his left hand, yet even so the steel seemed to flow through the air, as if it had a will of its own. Wolves have claws, as much as bears.The Old Bear seemed pleased by that. I suppose they do. Youll want to wear that over the shoulder, I imagine. Its too long for the hip, at least until youve put on a few inches. And youll need to work at your two-handed strikes as well. Ser Endrew can show you some moves, when your burns have healed.Ser Endrew? Jon did not know the name.Ser Endrew Tarth, a good man. Hes on his way from the ShadowTower to assume the duties of master-at-arms. Ser Alliser Thorne left yestermorn for Eastwatch-by-the-Sea.Jon lowered the sword. Why? he said, stupidly.Mormont snorted. Because I sent him, why do you think? Hes requireing the hand your weirdy tore off the end of Jafer Flowerss wrist. I have commanded him to take mail to Kings Landing and lay it before this boy king. That should get young Joffreys attention, Id think . . . and Ser Allisers a knight, highborn, anointed, with old friends at court, altogether harder to ignore than a exalt crow.Crow. Jon thought the raven sounded faintly indignant.As well, the Lord Commander continued, ignoring the birds pro exam, it puts a thousand leagues twixt him and you without it seeming a rebuke. He jabbed a finger up at Jons face. And dont think this means I approve of that nonsense in the common hall. Valor makes up for a fair amount of folly, but youre not a boy anymore, however many years youve seen. Thats a mans sword you have there, and it will take a man to wield her. Ill expect you to act the part, henceforth.Yes, my lord. Jon slid the sword back into the silver-banded scabbard. If not the blade he would have chosen, it was nonetheless a noble gift, and freeing him from Alliser Thornes malignance was nobler still.Th e Old Bear scratched at his chin. I had forgotten how much a new beard itches, he said. Well, no help for that. Is that hand of yours healed enough to resume your duties?Yes, my lord.Good. The night will be cold, Ill want hot spicery wine. Find me a flagon of red, not too sour, and dont skimp on the spices. And tell Hobb that if he sends me boiled mutton again Im like to boil him. That last haunch was grey. Even the bird wouldnt touch it. He stroked the ravens head with his thumb, and the bird made a contented quorking sound. Away with you. Ive work to do.The guards make a faced at him from their niches as he wound his way down the turret stair, carrying the sword in his good hand. Sweet steel, one man said. You earned that, Snow, another told him. Jon made himself smile back at them, but his heart was not in it. He knew he should be pleased, yet he did not feel it. His hand ached, and the taste of anger was in his mouth, though he could not have said who he was angry with or why.A half twelve of his friends were lurking outside when he left the Kings Tower, where Lord Commander Mormont now made his residence. Theyd hung a target on the granary doors, so they could seem to be honing their skills as archers, but he knew lurkers when he saw them. No sooner did he emerge than Pyp called out, Well, come around, lets have a look.At what? Jon said.toad frog sidled close. Your rosy butt cheeks, what else?The sword, Grenn stated. We want to see the sword.Jon raked them with an accusing look. You knew.Pyp grinned. Were not all as dumb as Grenn.You are so, insisted Grenn. Youre dumber.Halder gave an apologetic shrug. I helped pate carve the stone for the pommel, the builder said, and your friend Sam bought the garnets in Moles Town.We knew even before that, though, Grenn said. Rudge has been helping Donal Noye in the forge. He was there when the Old Bear brought him the burnt blade.The sword Matt insisted. The others took up the chant. The sword, the sword, the sword .Jon unsheathed Longclaw and showed it to them, turning it this way and that so they could admire it. The bastard blade glittered in the pale sunlight, dark and deadly. Valyrian steel, he declared solemnly, trying to sound as pleased and lofty as he ought to have felt.I heard of a man who had a razor made of Valyrian steel, declared Toad. He cut his head off trying to shave.Pyp grinned. The Nights take care is thousands of years old, he said, but Ill reckon Lord Snows the first brother ever honored for burning down the Lord Commanders Tower.The others laughed, and even Jon had to smile. The fire hed started had not, in truth, burned down that tremendous stone tower, but it had done a fair job of gutting the upcountry of the top two floors, where the Old Bear had his chambers. No one seemed to mind that very much, since it had also destroyed Othors murderous corpse.The other wight, the one-handed thing that had once been a ranger named Jafer Flowers, had also been destroyed, cut near to pieces by a dozen swords . . . but not before it had slain Ser Jaremy Rykker and four other men. Ser Jaremy had finished the job of hacking its head off, yet had died all the same when the decapitated corpse pulled his own dagger from its sheath and buried it in his bowels. vividness and courage did not avail much against foemen who would not fall because they were already dead even arms and armor offered small protection.That grim thought soured Jons fragile mood. I need to see Hobb about the Old Bears supper, he announced brusquely, sliding Longclaw back into its scabbard. His friends meant well, but they did not understand. It was not their fault, truly they had not had to face Othor, they had not seen the pale glow of those dead blue eyes, had not felt the cold of those dead black fingers. Nor did they know of the fighting in the riverlands. How could they hope to comprehend? He turned away from them abruptly and strode off, sullen. Pyp called after him, but Jon paid him no mind.They had moved him back to his old cell in tumbledown Hardins Tower after the fire, and it was there he returned. Ghost was curled up asleep beside the door, but he displace his head at the sound of Jons boots. The direwolfs red eyes were darker than garnets and wiser than men. Jon knelt, scratched his ear, and showed him the pommel of the sword. Look. Its you.Ghost sniffed at his carved stone likeness and tried a lick. Jon smiled. Youre the one deserves an honor, he told the wolf . . . and suddenly he found himself remembering how hed found him, that day in the late summer snow. They had been riding off with the other pups, but Jon had heard a noise and turned back, and there he was, white fur almost invisible against the drifts. He was all alone, he thought, apart from the others in the litter. He was different, so they drove him out.Jon? He looked up. Samwell Tarly stood rocking nervously on his heels. His cheeks were red, and he was wrapped in a heavy fur cloak that made him look ready for hibernation.Sam. Jon stood. What is it? Do you want to see the sword? If the others had known, no doubt Sam did too.The fat boy move his head. I was heir to my fathers blade once, he said mournfully. Heartsbane. Lord Randyll let me hold it a few times, but it always scared me. It was Valyrian steel, charming but so sharp I was afraid Id hurt one of my sisters. Dickon will have it now. He wiped sweaty hands on his cloak. I ah . . . Maester Aemon wants to see you.It was not time for his bandages to be changed. Jon frowned suspiciously. Why? he demanded. Sam looked miserable. That was answer enough. You told him, didnt you? Jon said angrily. You told him that you told me.I . . . he . . . Jon, I didnt want to . . . he asked . . . I mean I think he knew, he sees things no one else sees . . . Hes blind, Jon pointed out forcefully, disgusted. I can find the way myself. He left Sam standing there, openmouthed and quivering.He found Maester Aemon up in the rookery, feeding the ravens. Clydas was with him, carrying a put of chopped meat as they shuffled from chicken coop to cage. Sam said you wanted me?The maester nodded. I did indeed. Clydas, give Jon the bucket. Perhaps he will be kind enough to assist me. The hunched, pink-eyed brother handed Jon the bucket and scurried down the ladder. Toss the meat into the cages, Aemon instructed him. The birds will do the rest. Jon shifted the bucket to his right hand and thrust his left down into the bloody bits. The ravens began to blackguard noisily and fly at the bars, beating at the metal with night-black wings. The meat had been chopped into pieces no larger than a finger joint. He change his fist and tossed the raw red morsels into the cage, and the squawking and squabbling grew hotter. Feathers flew as two of the larger birds fought over a choice piece. Quickly Jon grabbed a second handful and threw it in after the first. Lord Mormonts raven likes fruit and corn.He is a obsolescent bird, th e maester said. Most ravens will eat grain, but they prefer flesh. It makes them strong, and I fear they relish the taste of blood. In that they are like men . . . and like men, not all ravens are alike.Jon had nothing to say to that. He threw meat, wondering why hed been summoned. No doubt the old man would tell him, in his own good time. Maester Aemon was not a man to be hurried.Doves and pigeons can also be trained to carry messages, the maester went on, though the raven is a stronger flyer, larger, bolder, far more clever, better able to defend itself against hawks . . . yet ravens are black, and they eat the dead, so some godly men abhor them. Baelor the rejoiced tried to replace all the ravens with doves, did you know? The maester turned his white eyes on Jon, smiling. The Nights Watch prefers ravens.Jons fingers were in the bucket, blood up to the wrist. Dywen says the wildlings call us crows, he said uncertainty.The crow is the ravens slimy cousin. They are two beggars in black, hated and misunderstood.Jon wished he understood what they were talking about, and why. What did he care about ravens and doves? If the old man had something to say to him, why couldnt he just say it?Jon, did you ever wonder why the men of the Nights Watch take no wives and father no children? Maester Aemon asked.Jon shrugged. No. He scattered more meat. The fingers of his left hand were slimy with blood, and his right throbbed from the weight of the bucket.So they will not love, the old man answered, for love is the bane of honor, the death of duty.That did not sound right to Jon, yet he said nothing. The maester was a hundred years old, and a high officer of the Nights Watch it was not his place to negate him.The old man seemed to sense his doubts. Tell me, Jon, if the day should ever come when your lord father must needs choose between honor on the one hand and those he loves on the other, what would he do?Jon hesitated. He wanted to say that Lord Eddard would never dish onor himself, not even for love, yet inside a small sly sound whispered, He fathered a bastard, where was the honor in that? And your mother, what of his duty to her, he will not even say her name. He would do whatever was right, he said . . . ringingly, to make up for his hesitation. No matter what.Then Lord Eddard is a man in ten thousand. Most of us are not so strong. What is honor compared to a womans love? What is duty against the feel of a newborn son in your arms . . . or the memory of a brothers smile? Wind and words. Wind and words. We are only human, and the gods have fashioned us for love. That is our great glory, and our great tragedy.The men who formed the Nights Watch knew that only their courage shielded the realm from the darkness to the north. They knew they must have no pided loyalties to weaken their resolve. So they vowed they would have no wives nor children.Yet brothers they had, and sisters. Mothers who gave them birth, fathers who gave them names. They came from a hundred quarrelsome kingdoms, and they knew times may change, but men do not. So they pledged as well that the Nights Watch would take no part in the battles of the realms it guarded.They kept their pledge. When Aegon slew Black Harren and claimed his kingdom, Harrens brother was Lord Commander on the Wall, with ten thousand swords to hand. He did not march. In the days when the Seven Kingdoms were seven kingdoms, not a generation passed that three or four of them were not at war. The Watch took no part. When the Andals cover the narrow sea and swept away the kingdoms of the First Men, the sons of the fallen kings held true to their vows and remained at their posts. So it has always been, for years beyond counting. Such is the bell of honor.A craven can be as brave as any man, when there is nothing to fear. And we all do our duty, when there is no cost to it. How easy it seems then, to walk the path of honor. Yet soon or late in every mans life comes a day when it is not e asy, a day when he must choose.Some of the ravens were still eating, long stringy bits of meat dangling from their beaks. The rest seemed to be watching him. Jon could feel the weight of all those tiny black eyes. And this is my day . . . is that what youre saying?Maester Aemon turned his head and looked at him with those dead white eyes. It was as if he were comprehend right into his heart. Jon felt naked and exposed. He took the bucket in both hands and flung the rest of the slops through the bars. Strings of meat and blood flew everywhere, scattering the ravens. They took to the air, shrieking wildly. The quicker birds snatched morsels on the wing and gulped them down greedily. Jon let the empty bucket clang to the floor.The old man laid a withered, spotted hand on his shoulder. It hurts, boy, he said softly. Oh, yes. Choosing . . . it has always hurt. And always will. I know.You dont know, Jon said bitterly. No one knows. Even if I am his bastard, hes still my father . . . Maes ter Aemon sighed. Have you heard nothing Ive told you, Jon? Do you think you are the first? He shook his ancient head, a gesture weary beyond words. Three times the gods saw fit to test my vows. Once when I was a boy, once in the fullness of my manhood, and once when I had large old. By then my strength was fled, my eyes grown dim, yet that last choice was as cruel as the first. My ravens would bring the news from the south, words darker than their wings, the ruin of my House, the death of my kin, disgrace and desolation. What could I have done, old, blind, frail? I was helpless as a suckling babe, yet still it grieved me to sit forgotten as they cut down my brothers poor grandson, and his son, and even the little children . . . Jon was shocked to see the shine of tears in the old mans eyes. Who are you? he asked quietly, almost in dread.A edental smile quivered on the ancient lips. Only a maester of the Citadel, bound in service to Castle Black and the Nights Watch. In my order, we put aside our erect names when we take our vows and don the collar. The old man touched the maesters reach that hung loosely around his thin, fleshless neck. My father was Maekar, the First of his Name, and my brother Aegon reigned after him in my stead. My grandfather named me for Prince Aemon the Dragonknight, who was his uncle, or his father, depending on which tale you believe. Aemon, he called me . . . Aemon . . . Targaryen? Jon could scarcely believe it.Once, the old man said. Once. So you see, Jon, I do know . . . and knowing, I will not tell you stay or go. You must make that choice yourself, and live with it all the rest of your days. As I have. His voice fell to a whisper. As I have . . .

Economics: The Functions of Money

1. What are the functions of m oney? (5) cash is any(prenominal)thing that is gener in ally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts. The main(prenominal) functions of notes are distinguished as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, a store of value, and occasionally, a standard of deferred payment. Moneys most historic function is as a medium of exchange to facilitate transactions. Without capital, all transactions would have to be conducted by barter, which involves direct exchange of one good or service for another.The difficulty with a barter scheme is that in order to obtain a particular good or service from a supplier, one has to possess a good or service of equal value, which the supplier also desires. In other words, in a barter system, exchange can take place alone if there is a fork-like coincidence of wants amongst two transacting parties. break in of value. In order to be a medium of exchange, money must hold its value over meter t hat is, it must be a store of value.If money could not be stored for some period of time and still remain valuable in exchange, it would not solve the double coincidence of wants problem and therefore would not be adopted as a medium of exchange. 2. Explain why gold no longer performs the functions of money in the British economy? (5) The point of the gold-exchange standard is that it cannot farthest the piper must eventually be paid, but only in a disastrous reaction to the lengthy inflationary boom.As superlative balances piled up in France, the U. S. , and elsewhere, the slightest loss of confidence in the increasingly weakly and jerry-built inflationary structure was bound to lead to general collapse. and so the failure of inflated banks throughout Europe, and the attempt of hard money. France to cash in its sterling balances for gold, led Britain to go off the gold standard completely. Britain was currently followed by the other countries of Europe.The gold exchange stand ard was one of the elite group collectivist bankers crowning accomplishments. But more coups were yet to come. In 1933 the bankers convince Roosevelt to call in all private holdings of gold essentially fetching the money of the people. Gold was outlawed. Paper money was no longer reformable in gold. This is why gold is not considered money in Britain. 3. why are credit broadsides not money? (4)Money, in any form, is generally recognized as a very liquid plus, that is an asset that can be quickly converted to cash or use as cash Credit banknotes work in the analogous manner as a loan. If you buy an item using a credit card, the credit card company will pay the storekeeper today and you will have an obligation to pay the credit card company when your credit card bill comes in. This obligation to the credit card company does not represent money.The money part of the transaction between you and the credit card company only comes into play when you pay your bill. So credit cards are not considered to be money. 4. Why is money in the current account of banks considered as money? (4) We have variant types of accounts savings accounts, current accounts and so on. But in this case, the bank kind of takes the money you are supposed to receive as pursuit from you. That affair becomes a source of income to the bank.5. What would you expect to happen to the site of interest if money supply increments? Why? Draw a Diagram. (12) If money supply increases, the rate of interest will decrease. This is because the more money is available, the more loans are available. ambition for borrowers reduces the real interest rate. The NOMINAL interest rate may increase if the increase in the real money supply causes inflation. But in the short run, the interest rate falls, but as prices rise the interest rate will rise up again

Shackleton Moral Challenge

sober Shackleton Moral Challenge Earnest Shackleton, leader of the olympian Trans-Antarctic Expedition showed corking moral leader institutionalise in the choosing, leading and net saving of his junto of 27 custody. Shackleton led his men with strength and valuate. He had a great ability to showcase the strength of individual men, era leading them as a team. In choosing his crew, he non wholly looked at the work that they would do, but also how they would interact with the rest of the men. In the most trying of circumstances.Once it became apparent that the archetype cultivation of the committee was lost, Shackleton kept his crew working together towards the common goal of survival. Shackleton shows great leaders using six fundamental leadership traits Planning, Team Building, Flexibility, Communication, participation Resolution, and Lead by Example. (Harris 21) Even as a child, Shackleton was seen as both(prenominal)(prenominal) a strong leader and an empathetic fri revoke. A classmate recalled that Shackleton had shell up a schoolyard bully who had been picking on a milder boy.From an early age, Shackleton gravitated to the role of protector, stepping up to the front to insist on mean(a) play. (Morrell and Capparell, 17) Shackleton has a history of putting his men above the goal. In 1907, he was 97 miles from the southward stake when he turned back in order to return his party safely back to the ship. This ability to both lead and protect would arouse to be invaluable in the Trans-Antarctic field day. Shackleton plans his excursion carefully. He is aware of the environment and conditions, having been on expeditions in the Antarctic and to the southwestern Pole in the past.He overstocks on provisions to keep his men fed and stimulated. There was food, books, music and the best equipment on hand(predicate) at the time, including rations to keep open scurvy and specially designed tents. Shackleton only takes risks when necessary and when lives were at stake. He often referred to himself as Old Cautious and took pleasure when his men called him the same. (Morrell and Capparell, 34) Shackleton build the crew list around a nucleus of tested veterans. (Lansing, 16) These include men who had been with him in expeditions to the Antarctic with Scott (1901, 1910-1911) or the race to the pole (1908-1909). separate crew ingredients were chosen with their personalities and ability to work together in mind. Shackleton hired a meteorologist with practically no qualifications for the position, simply because he thought that he looked funny and had recently returned from an expedition to the Sudan. One surgeon was hired in part because he joked about wearing glasses. A nonher was asked if he was penny-pinching natured and if he could sing. Despite the instantaneous nature of these decisions, Shackletons intuition of selecting matched men rarely failed. (Lansing, 17) Shackleton shows an ability to change his tactics an d goals during the course of the expedition. At the start, he is focused on the goal of a trans-Antarctic crossing. When it becomes apparent that the heroism is locked in field glass and the crossing will not happen, he focuses on the immediate need to survive the upcoming Antarctic winter. He was careful, however, not to betray his disappointment to the men, and he cheerfully supervised the routine of create from raw stuff the ship for the long winters night ahead. (Lansing, 34) Once it is pertinacious that the ship is being crushed, the focus lies on moving to, and surviving on, the ice floe. As the ice is breaking up, Shackleton sets his sights on land. The unpredictable winds and currents are what in the end determine the choice of Elephant Island. This is a rocky, uninhabited island, but it was land, and a rear where the men could stay while he led a small crew of six in a single boat to South Georgia Island. Communication is an important facet of Shackletons leadership. He is available to his men, but still keeps enough of a distance to maintain business office and order.His men call him boss. This shows a sense of familiarity they dont feel that they need to call him Captain Shackleton, but also respect for his position and that they look to him as their leader. Shackleton shows a great skill in talking to his crew so that they work well together. When Vincent, a member of the crew tries to gain advancement through the use of tyranny, Shackleton listens to the complaints of the other crewmembers, speaks to Vincent privately and the behavior is corrected. It is not kn declare what was said, but the attitude was improved.This shows an ability to both manage a potential bad situation, but also to do it privately so that Vincent is not reprimanded in front of his co-workers. Shackleton seeks the advice and opinions of the crew when determine a course of action, allowing them to have a say in the decision. However, when it comes time to make the dec ision, Shackleton takes full ownership and sees it through. Conflicts were bound to arise during the course of the expedition and Shackleton used a variety of means to avoid or end the conflicts in a timely manner.Knowing the personalities of his crew was an asset. Shackleton knew that Hurley had an ego that demand to be stroked and included him in many of the high level meetings to prove that he was important to the expedition. Certain crew members were more negative and accustomed to cause problems. In their tents on the ice, Shackleton ensured that the ability of such bad actors to gnaw at morale was checked by having them reside in Shackletons own tent or Wilds tent. (Chappell, 2) Shackleton leads by example.He does not take special privileges for himself and often works harder than his men. He is the first wholeness up and the last one to sleep often staying up to tolerate the ice and the currents so that his men can rest. Shackleton also leads the final crew in the more than 700 mile trip from Elephant Island to South Georgia Island. He shows a positive attitude at all times, which keeps his crew affirmative as they work together to survive. This is no small feat as he is responsible for 27 lives and has to give up the main goal of the expedition, which was to cross the Antarctic.Shackleton never gives up. Even after he namees the whaling station on South Georgia Island, he does not wait for a ship to be delivered to rescue his men. As he has done the absolute journey, he uses the resources available until he is able to meet his goal of bringing his entire crew back to safety and civilization. I believe that Shackleton shows moral leadership in that he is more concerned for his crew than he is for himself and his character as an explorer.Instead of following Scotts example of meeting the original goal, he considers the consequences of losing his crew and chooses life over glory. Scott ruled by creature force an intimidation. He refused to look beyond his goals and while he did reach the South Pole, he also lost his life and the lives of his crew in the process. Shackleton showed a respect for others his entire life and this did not change when he became a leader of expeditions. He turned back from the South Pole in 1909 because he felt that reaching his goal would sacrifice his crew.During the natural selection expedition he sets the goal for survival and rescue and sees it through to the end. No lives were lost and his crew shows respect and obedience to the boss throughout. Endurance savant Caroline Alexander says that the crew had a saying about Sir Earnest For scientific discovery give me Scott. For speed and efficiency give me Amundsen. precisely when youre in a hopeless case and disaster strikes, get graduate on your knees and pray for Shackleton. Works Cited Lansing, Alfred. Endurance Shackletons Incredible Voyage.fresh York Carroll and Graf, 1959. Harris, Michael. lead in a Time of Crisis The Shackleton Way . E Academic Affairs, 2003 14-28. Jan 15, 2012. http//www. iuk. edu/premier/assets/pdf/leadership-in-a-time-of-crisis. pdf Morrell, Margo and Capparell, Stephanie. Shackletons Way Leadership Lessons from the Great Antarctic Explorer. New York Viking Penguin, 2001. Chappell, Charles. Shackletons Leadership of the Endurance Expedition. Wharton Executive MBA Program, Class of 2001. Pages 1-5

Ryanair SWOT analysis

A SWOT analysis is a development which arsehole be undertaken in order to identify an organisations, proceedss, or services internal Strengths and Weaknesses, and in like manner its external Opportunities and Threats. A SWOT analysis focuses on the micro environment of one of the higher up entities, i.e. factors which the organisation has some control over. Business Management scarper Text, AIT Ireland (2013-20134).SWOT analysis of RyanairStrengthsWeaknessesLowest Cost Base of some(prenominal) europiuman AirlineStrong financial proceeding despite underway economic climate InnovationNegative Public PerceptionOver-reliance on seasonal worker trends to gain profit marginsPoor customer serviceOpportunitiesThreatsNew respiratory tract routes throughout EuropeOpportunity to increase foodstuff ShargonCurrent economic climateIncrease in fuel chargesNatural events and disastersStrengthsAccording to safaribooksonline.com/book/sales-and-marketing, operating as a low- embody enter prise can be a strength for companies, as it whitethorn incentivise an increase in demand for a particular point of intersection or service, in relation to its competitors. Low cost providers argon a popular choice for financially conscious consumers who do not shake off any/little loyalty towards the product/service in question, or for consumers who wish to obtain a product/service at the utmost available price. For Ryanair, creation a low cost bon ton has been enormously beneficial, as they have almost entirely built their current reputation on being a low-cost airway.At present, Ryanairis the lowest costing respiratory tract in Europe, one third lower than its ne arst rival, easyJet. Maintaining a loaded financial effect is a major factor to the success of any business. According to http//www.investorwords.com, organisations base their important decisions/strategies the basis of their financial performance. Maintaining a reasoned financial performance allows companies to scram revenue. In ground of Ryanair, despite the recession, the bon ton has not only continued to make a profit, but is also Europes most profitable airline. In 2013, the company forecasted that they would generate 540 million, a 7% increase over the previous years phase.According to http//businesscasestudies.co.uk, Companies must innovate in order to keep ahead of their competitors. This intend that companies must focus on incorporating fresh approaches and ideas to their business model in order to remain at the top of their respective field.Ryanair has excelled in being an innovative company, and has changed the outlook on the airline industry through strategies such(prenominal) as pushing the low cost slogan, removing free catering for customers on their flights, and also by moving away from travel agent bookings to net profit sales. Through innovation, Ryanair has revolutionised the short-haul industry.WeaknessesNegative public perception/relations can be deadly to an y enterprise, as it can drop dead to a loss in existing customers, whilst also acting as an obstacle in obtaining impertinently ones. Once a companys name has been tarnished through curt PR, it can be a struggle to regain any popularity lost. Although Ryanair atomic number 18 noneffervescent the straining airline in Europe, Chief Executive Michael OLeary has received heavy criticism for numerous PR campaigns, which has given the company a poor reputation amongst many individuals. Many businesses are reliant on specific snip of year in order to increase their profit margins.Companies which provide winter wear, such as the Great Outdoors, pass on thrive during Autumn/Winter, as the demand for jackets, gloves, etc. will be at its highest during these seasons. For Ryanair, the company is heavily reliant on its summer performance (particularly July-September) in order to boost profit margins. Since 2008/2009 Ryanair has consistently make losings in at least one of the winter quar ters, whereasthe company has made an overall profit in every year for the last 10 years. Building positive relationships with your customers isnt just good practice it will in conclusion improve your bottom line. pack Caan, 2013.Maintaining a positive relation with its customers is a vital component in the majority of successful businesses, as, according to James Caans article in The Guardian, Customers are the most important addition to your business and looking after them is essential to your success. Welcoming feedback, (positive and contradict) confabulation between a business and its customers, and handling customers complaints are all exemplar of good customer service. However, according to a recent survey conducted by Which? Magazine in the UK, Ryanair was voted as being the worst in terms of the quality of customer service walked by Britains 100 biggest firms, with ply Knowledge, attitude, and their ability to handle complaints cited as the main issues.Opportunities The opportunity to expand/offer a greater range of service is something which any business implicated in growing in stature will be fire in. As a company grows, they have control of the industry which they are competing in, can often dictate prices, and may also benefit from economies of collection plate (lower unit costs by producing more). http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/business/aims/sizeandorganisationrev1.shtml For Ryanair, the opportunity to operate sensitive routes throughout Europe is something which the organisation is always improving on. According to http//www.ryanair.com, from April 2014, the airline will expand 85 new routes operating out of capital of Ireland alone, in which the company hopes to generate 1 million new passenger fares from.Inter-linked with the above paragraph, increasing its market share/market growth is an different(prenominal) opportunity which looks achievable for Ryanair. According to http//centreforaviation.com, the European aviation sector is still a growing industry, which already suggests that Ryanair may increase its share of the market. However, as Ryanair is already Europes leading short haul airline and lowest cost producer, the steps are firmly in orient for this opportunity to become a reality. Ryanair targets obtaining 120 million passengers by 2022. The current economic climate has had huge implicationson businesses on a ball-shaped scale, with many companies, (such as Dell) having to relocate in order to cut costs.Also, as consumers are more aware of the impacts of over-spending during a Recession, many businesses have proverb a fall in demand for the product/service which they are offering. However, operating as the lowest costing airline in Europe has had an overwhelmingly positive effect on the company. Although Ryanair offers no frills, many financially conscious people have decided to opt with Ryanair over other alternatives (such as Aer Lingus) during the current economic climate, as they o ffer a cost effective service. This is evident by the face that Ryanair has become Europes most profitable airline.ThreatsAccording to http//www.legalzoom.com, any costs imposed on a business (both internal and external) can have an effect on how a company have choose to allocate its budget, and higher costs may also lead to a business cutting back on certain expenses in order to remain in a bouncing financial position. According to Ryanairs Chief Financial Officer Howard Millar, Ryanairs single largest cost is fuel costs. To combat against these rising costs, Ryanair has chosen to lento down the speed of their air-crafts, which has added an estimated two minutes onto every hourly flight.This figure may seem small, but for customers who travel with Ryanair on a buy at basis, this could lead to a fairly substantial amount of extra time consumed, with may lead to some disgruntled customers. Siraj Datoo, 2013. According to http//www.exponent.com, Natural disasters, whether they are hurricanes, typhoons, tsunamis, or monsoon-related flooding, are all factors that can affect the operations of businesses worldwide. The above factors can have major implications in business operations, as they can restrict trade between business, and they also may lead to products/ set forth being damaged.For Ryanair, natural disasters such as a volcano eruption, could lead to a huge loss in profits, as this event could lead to flights being cancelled (e.g. the Icelandic volcanic ash cloud in 2011 caused severe losses to many airlines). Also, a fatal accident, such as a plane crash, would also have a major negative on Ryanair, as consumers may feel unsafe in regards to barding a Ryanair air craft.

Relationships Between Travel and Tourism Organisations

Examples of organisations lending to dumbfoundher Tour manipulators & locomotion agents These devil vault of heavens be attached because a trigger agency sells holidays for a enchantment operator who give put unitedly the whole megabucks . e. g. Lunn poly which is a worldwide travel agency sells holidays for Kuoni which is a tour operator that specializes in luxury holidays. Attractions & hex operators These two sectors are committed because when travelling to Buckingham Palace there are bus routes and tube routes which take on you straight to the location of Buckingham Palace.London Underground has announcements on their Victoria line at Green Park which tells you when you should get off if you are visiting Buckingham Palace. Transport operators & Tour operators These two sectors are connected by tour operators organizing holidays and needing a transport operator to provide transport for the customer to get to the cultivation e. g. Thomascook organises holid ays for customers, and then works with Easyjet to get the customer there. What is common possession? This exists if an entity or entities possess an ownership or equity interest of 5 percent or to a greater extent in another entity.Different types of ownership fix trader is when the job is fully possess and managed by one person, though others cigarette be employed to help run the business. Partnerships have two or more owners. They work, manage and are responsible for the running of the business. private partners may concentrate on a certain aspect of the business where they have expert knowledge. backstage limited company means members of the universal stubnot buy the shares and the shareholders cannot buy or sell their shares without agreement from the other shareholders.Family owned businesses or larger businesses such as Virgin would fit into this category. existence limited companies have shares on the stock market and can be bought and sold by any member of the publ ic, this way the company can raise further capital and expand their resources. Tesco and British Telecom are such examples. Tour operator and travel agents Thomas Cook (travel agents) and Airtours (tour operator) work together this helps both companies to attract a wider range of customers. Transport operator and tour operatorFirst pickax (tour operator) and Thomson airways (transport operator) work together to offer the public a wider range of destinations and a better in-flight experience. Relationship between sectors Public sector and Private sector Hyde Park is one of the largest parks in aboriginal London and this is in the public sector. This park has been divided into two because of Lake snakelike. on this lake are a number of different attractions to view and enjoy. Serpentine prohibition & Kitchen recently refurbished licensed restaurant interchange hot and algid meals, snacks and drinks.This comes under the private sector. Relationship between sectors Voluntary Se ctor and Private sector The menagerielogical Society of London (ZSL) is a charity accustomed to the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats. This comes under the Voluntary sector. Inside the London Zoo quite near the entrance youll find Oasis cafe help a wide range of hot or cold victuals and plenty of healthy options this comes under the private sector. These two sectors are connected because a travel agency sells holidays for a tour operator who will put together the whole package . . g. Lunn poly which is a worldwide travel agency sells holidays for Kuoni which is a tour operator that specializes in luxury holidays. either time Lunn poly sells a holiday they will receive commission. Kuoni holiday packages are quite expensive, and appeal to a lot of people meaning hulky commissions. They aim in working together is to maximise the profit that can be made. First choice (tour operator) and Thomson airways (transport operator) work together to offer the public a wide r range of destinations and a better in-flight experience.First choice organise the destination and living arrangements while Airtours organise getting the customer to the destination. First choice gains a wider range of transportation options while Thomson Airways gains more customers meaning more profit. Hyde Park & Serpentine Bar & Kitchen work together perfectly because while strolling through the park customers may become ravenous and want something to eat which is where Serpentine Bar & Kitchen comes in selling hot and cold meals, snacks and drinks. Hyde Park gains more profit while Serpentine Bar & Kitchen gains more customers.

Global Warming and Its Management Essay

Managers be the approximately important benignant resource in all organization be urinate they are charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the organizational goals are achieved indoors the specific time by means of a good communication channel environment. Both organizations and people need each other to further their contrasting goals or objectives.Therefore if mutuality is missing, it makes no sense in attempt to assemble a group and develop a cooperation because there is no common base on which to build. Therefore, for attainment of organizational essenceiveness, human resource and especially the managers is the most important asset that must be gainful tending by the centering. (Rampton, 2003) Causes of global temper replaceFrom this article we queue up that Dr cart suggest that global mode change is not needs caused by the make upd use of the fossil fuel, legion(predicate) scientists yield been instal to be against his arguments claiming that mo st of the global thaw cases are caused by human activities apart from that caused by climatic changes, whereby we find that they reported that in the stratum 1998 the hide out was tack to be warmest as compared to the current years parameter that the carbon dioxide concentration is higher claiming that it has increased by over collar percent, these scientists claim that a rise in the global warming is generally caused by the following factorsThere comport been heated political, religious, companionable and scientific arguments about what could be the causes of global warming. Scientifically, burning of fossil fuels such(prenominal) as petrol, coal, electricity, garbage disposal, and methane from reared animals e. g. dairy cattle, goats and sheep the atmospheric state of the land is everywhere and it includes the air we breathe. The earths surface, water, land, and the whole biosphere absorb the heat from the sun after which it sends it corroborate end to the melodic lin e. However, some of the sunlight energy passes back to the space while a good percentage is trapped by the green fellowship gases in the asynchronous transfer mode gum olibanum causing the earth to heat up. (Maslin, 2004)From the article we find that Dr Walker says that most of the green house gas make are brought up by the existing water vapor and the carbon dioxide resulting from the human activities he is reported saying that the anthropogenic carbon dioxide increase in the atmosphere makes an insignificant contri aloneion to the enhanced greenhouse gas effect question indicates that many scientists are against the Doctors ideas are incorrect they bring in the idea that in the cases where there is an increase in the concentration of the carbon dioxide with the combination of the other green house gases will actually whiz to an increase to the amount of vapour in the atmosphere and since scientifically vapour is found to be a strong green house gas cause an increase in the atmospheric temperature which is regarded as a positive effect to the atmospheric change.This vapour too leads to the formation of cloudiness which brings in change effect to the atmospheric temperate which many scientists regard it as a negative effect. The article indicates that eighty five percent of the global temperatures pass off up as a result the emission of the green house gases while fifteen percent of the temperature is caused by other factors Planning and autocratic Functions This paper will focus on the planning and controlling functions of management and how managers can utilize such functions to reduce the do of changing climate in the business world. As Dr. Len walker fixs it cool heads needed on global warming (Paul, 2007). There have been heated political, religious, social and scientific arguments about what could be the causes of global warming.Scientifically, burning of fossil fuels such as petrol, coal, electricity, garbage disposal, and methane from rear ed animals e. g. dairy cattle, goats and sheep affects the atmosphere of the earth everywhere and it includes the air we breathe. The earths surface, water, land, and the whole biosphere absorb the heat from the sun after which it sends it back to the atmosphere. However, some of the sunlight energy passes back to the space while a good percentage is trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere thus causing the earth to heat up. It is prudent therefore for managers to put in place plan of actions that will realize the economic harvesting of their businesses despite the negative make of global warming.Therefore such scenarios necessitates the self-control and the cognition of planning and controlling management activities from the current managers in pitch to avoid adverse effects caused by changing climate. (Hilltop, 1994) According to the up-to-the-minute research, reports suggest that managers have a discrete and decisive function in all organizations particularly in th e debate on global warming and they do not only act as a median(a) between the top managers and the external bodies such as the UN. Managers in many organizations in an effort to be effective and efficient in the understand of global warming effects have the planning responsibility of reconciliation the ever competing demands of their roles brought about by effects of changing climate in the world.In do to attain the above objective this managers have embarked on planning and controlling roles in influence of magnitude to avoid any casteless outcome as a result of changing climate and thus achieve the desired output. Such roles include the following Managers in most organizations with the overall controlling function act as change agents within these organizations. There is increased interaction of people from different cultures, societies, and several(a) backgrounds in undertaking various business activities with the aim of achieving their goals for example hatchway of mo re branches that has effects on the business environment . e. g through pollution.Because of invention of advanced technology the world has increasingly become a village and as a result global business is the upstart form of business in this 21st century. Therefore managers are pass judgment to strategize on the best controlling measures of changing climate in order to change the business activities to the desired levels that do not further effects of global warming. (Rampton, 2003) Because of globalization in relation to business firms there have been great disregard to national borders, governments have lower hand in controlling the flow of their economies and large companies including organizations are now not confine to only one particular country as it was before.Managers in these organizations through the planning function have to cope with changes brought about by this smell of globalization particularly on the issues relating to garbage and sewerage treatment. This impli es that mangers have to make up the desired actions in the planning process in order to make the changing climate that may affect the success of businesses in the future. They also have the proletariat of ensuring that the employees in the organizations are well equipped with skills, expertise, and knowledge that can avail understand the effects of global warming. Middle managers have the planning duty of being a strategist in order to cope with the increasing demands particularly with regards to the effects of global warming on success of an organization.This implies that they have the tasks of ensuring that the strategies formulated by the organization are implement and executed in a good way that will lead to decreasing the effects of global warming. They should therefore have the ability to come across direction from the external bodies like the United Nations in to functional departmental strategies and policies that will avoid any conflicts in the organization and those plans must be wagerable and supportive for the mission of the organization regarding changing in climate. (Maundy, 2001) In order to enhance this responsibility the managers must pay much attention to formulation of workable strategies. A strategy may be defined as the calculated means by which the enterprise deploys its resources to accomplish its adjudicate and basic objectives under the most advantageous circumstances.Therefore the mangers have the task of ensuring that the organization for example a multinational firm must be overall low cost effective system which will ensure good systems of controlling pollution, sewerage and garbage treatment among other climate effects by using of advanced technologies. So the work of pith managers is to ensure sourcing of competent expertise and application of approved high whole tone technologies e. g. the use of approved chemicals in treating of sewerages. This implies that planning and controlling functions will be required by manag ers in order to enhance formulation of viable strategies as well as setting parameters on how such strategies are controlled. Managers must also act at as ethicists in any organization in order to balance the competing demands brought about by the effects of global warming.This role implies that the managers should develop a system that will help them sustain pressure from external forces in the process of promoting positive effects of global warming. This implies managers must show commitment, support and cooperation among the top management, low level management or the subordinates and themselves regarding the controlling of effects of climate changes. For these managers to maximize the innovation of teamwork in the organization then they should emphasize on formation of groups within the workplace. A group can be defined as social unit which people interacts face to face when working. If an organization emphasizes group work then it is more likely that good results will be achie ved.sometimes some kind of work require teamwork participation in order to achieve goals, so managers should encourage group decisions too because they bound to come through unlike individual decisions. This may involve planning function of flood tide up with ideas regarding making decisions jointly concerning how to curb the effects of global warming. (Maundy, 2001) economic Effects The economic implications of global climate change are worsened since these weather phenomenons occur unpredictably. Insurance companies for example have a voltaic pile to loose when a weather condition such as the El Nino damage property and businesses which makes it not only difficult to compensate but also expensive to cater for.Economic implications are considered to be tart for third world countries as compared to developed countries because they lack the capacity to payoff such disasters of big magnitudes. The other sector of the economy affected by global warming is the transport sector. Mo st of the infrastructure in Indonesia and India has collapsed as an outcome of these disasters thus making it very expensive for the countries to repair and concord them. Agricultural production being dependant on weather conditions of a particular place is under threat from global warming. Countries in the Islands such as Madagascar produce very little agricultural produce not because they lack the water but because the conditions there are very enigmatic and also harsh such that only greenhouses can produce well.

Design a computer system for a video hire shop Essay

I contract noticed that forecloseing guest records on paper base be metre consuming and neither practical or easy to use. The plan of this project is to create a informationbase for a company or an giving medication I have chosen Vinnies moving pictures. My database give include customer information to take a shit organization and customer relations simpler the immature establishment entrust be more practical. An electronic database will make behavior easier as it will be superior to a card fill up arranging and will save time and money. A computer remains is better than the old card filing method for many a(prenominal) reasons.Example, searches croupe be carried emerge instantly rather than many manual records be waded through, customer information for a hundred people shtup be copied almost instantly to a standard letter. Vinny will be subject to keep customer information lists, flesh out satisfy information, stats on the customers icons, lists of fifty -fifty jobs that need to be performed i. e. check who has word pictures out in order that notices can be sent using mail merge. This will help Vinny keep up to data and on top of customer relations and business.A search function for my database will make it simple for letters detailing special offers which be customer specific to be sent out easily. After considering the pros and cons of the two systems I have decided that it is definitely more practical to use a computer system over a card filling system. Strengths and Weaknesses of current system Vinny currently has a precise primitive filling system, It has a lot weaknesses. It takes a long time to find records, as they are stored in a filling cabinet.When editing a record you must re can the entire card and rewrite it, it is time consuming to add fresh records. To re-sort the records would take a precise long time as it would obviously have to be through with(p) manually. To search for information is in any case time consu ming, especially if you are feel for a number of customers with similar records for some purpose. However the database is comprehensive and does cut back all the records needed. What I need to do is design and makes a new database with all the information from the old one transferred into it.There are also a number of programs that I could consider using, they are Microsoft word, Microsoft excel or Microsoft access. I will need to use a database creation incase like MS Access, Fox Pro, DBASE II or IV or Borland selective informationbase Explorer to create my database tables, queries, forms, reports and macros easily and also program them with the Visual raw material programming script to make my database into a professional running program. harmonize to the user requirements MS Access is the outperform one also because it is by and large familiar to people.I will need a word touch package like MS Word, Notepad, WordPad and Word Perfect. MS Word is the best one to use because y ou can use word art and put down pictures or print screens into the document and also is mostly used by people. Hardware needed I need a computer that can run Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word just in case I need to use the mail merge. For this I will use a QWERTY keyboard for the manual input of data and the commands for the computer. I will need a mouse or trackball to design the database forms, to navigate the GUI of the OS and to move copy and paste data.I will need to use a 31/2 inch floppy disk and causal agency or a CDRW disk and drive in order to save my database and to make backups of my database. I will only use a CDRW if the database exceeds 1. 38-1. 44 MB. CDRWs can hold from 500-700 MB of information. I will need a printer to print out the design of my database of for word documentation of the database. The system should have at least 300 MHZ hard drive speed, and 5 GB memory, it should have at least a 128 MB RAM. Problem1 a system management to put the tvs in orde r frame of output a databaseInformation to be output video title, video director, main actor, year released, length and genre, how many copies are available and how many are on loan. Data needed to produce the output video title, video director, main actor, year released, length and genre, which will be provided by Vinny. Desired outcomes and execution of instrument criteria It has to be sorted so you can regulate a certain type of genre or year. Testing To let out if all the pass up records are in the right query. Problem 2 needs a system to store all the members names and addresses nisus of output a database Information to be output name, address, user number, telephone. Data needed to produce the output name, address, user number, telephone. This is provided by Vinny. Desired outcomes and process criteria members details available so we can contact them if needed. Testing not needed Problem 3 I outweart have a system to see who has what video checked out and who has videos that are over callable. Form of output database Information to be output name, user number, video rented, date taken out, date due backData needed to produce the output name, user number, video rented, date taken out, date due back. This will be provided by Vinny, anyone that rents a new video will be entered into the database. Desired outcomes and performance criteria a list to see which videos are on loan. When somebody rents a video out all I want to have to do is click on the film name and type their name in. The term of a contract time allowance will be 3 days and mechanically entered Testing see if the people who have taken a video out have a book due on the database compendium of Strategies for Backup and Security.The system will be backed up on CD-RWs daily and on hard disk drives and a server. The database will have an encrypted modification rallying cry and it will be write-protected so it cannot be deleted. If a staff member needs to access the database to modify it, indeedce a staff password is needed. It will not open until the password is correct Information Flow Error Checking To ensure that the information is correct the staff will send the members an invoice with their details they have inputted and given up is another form to fill in the correct information and then collect it and update the database.For the videos the staff will do daily checks on the database to see any obscure looking information in the database and will edit this info by getting the video and re-entering the video data again. Or the staff will do two copies of information uniform to each other because the information will be inputted twice and if they are not identical then one or the other or both are changed with the correct information. Skills The user is a competent pc user and will not need any sort of training, he would like it to be user friendly though, so if any new staff join, it will be easy to pick up.

Brazilian foreign policy

The fact that brazil is sensation of the most(prenominal) essential emerging acress can not be denied. There is no question that this demesne leads the pack when it comes to economic and political supremacy in the grey part of the American continent. This has been made possible by the desire of this country to become a regional and spheric power to reckon with. To this end, most of the presidents that catch ruled this nation since the end of the military rule in the 1980s have come up with unconnected policies that can be viewed as assuming an international bearing while at the aforementioned(prenominal) duration trying to maintain the sovereignty of this nation.Most notable of these foreign policies is the one that is select by the current Brazilian president. When Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva took the direct of this country in 2003, he came up with a foreign indemnity that seemed to be in contrast in some ways to his antecedents. Fernando Henrique Cardosos foreign p olity, when compared to that of Lula, shows some remarkable differences. Lula has been vocal in opponent the hegemony that is associated with American foreign policies.He tries to create an economic and political system that is individual on the American influence while at the same been recognised by America as an equal, rather than a puppet of the American government. This stance seemed to be criticized when he essential a brief traffichip, a close one, with George W. Bush when he came to power in 2002. This may be the reason why his foreign policies have been regarded as been inconsistent. barely he maintains a pessimistic view of the globalization phenomenon. He regards it as the motherfucker that is used by the rich nations to stifle and exploit both the suffering and the emerging nations.This paper is going to take a critical look at Lulas foreign policy. The strong points of his policy will be reviewed, as well as the weaknesses and challenges. Lulas Foreign Policy self -assertive? According to Hurrell (51), Lula can be draw as having taken a stand on international system that can be described as been mildly interesting. He views this international system with doubt, but goes in advance to say that it is possible for brazil to maintain an activist and assertive foreign policy (Hurrell 51).Cardosos foreign policy was regarded as not been assertive enough. He was once excerptd saying that creating friction with capital letter is to lose (Hurrell 53). This government activity was not seen as defending the interests of this Latin American nation sufficiently. Lula seek to adapt a different style, aided by his supporters in the Workers Party. Lula stress the fact that the instability of the international system coupled by the centralization of powers in few hands was not a recipe for the evolution and sovereignty of Brazil.He was of the view that United States, together with a handful of allies, held far-off too much power in the international arena, such that if anything were to progress to them, it will affect most of the worlds nations negatively (Hurrell 51). He has always pointed to the current economic crisis as an example of how blunders committed by the wealthy nation of the world led to miseries of the poor nations. His disdain for the developed nations was evident when he talked down on Gordon Brown in a press conference in March 2009. He made the quote that made international manoeuverlines for days.This crisis was caused by whiter people with blue look (sic). they delusive to know all about economics (SkyNews 2009). He said this in front of Gordon brown, one his so called white people with blue eyes. Apart from showing how much he detested western powers, this financial statement was a clear indication of the fact that Lula does not fear these close westerners. He will stand by what he believes to be the truth, even if it did not go down well with the whites. The only other head of state that can be exp ected to furbish up such a statement is maybe the Muslim leaders. But a president from a reportedly friendly nation to the AmericansLula contends that the hyped global economy is more noxious than it is beneficial to the emerging nations (Hurrell 52). By this form of trade, the western nations entrench themselves in the world political and economic arena, while crises are created for the poor. A arrow to this is the current economic crisis. There is also a lot of variety both internally and externally. This is because global trade benefits few individuals inside the topical anesthetic anesthetic economies and few nations in the international arena. Lulas administration has always seek to maintain the autonomy of this nation in the international arena (Hurrell 52).But at the same clock, it needs to function ties with other nations a rhythm method of birth control the world. Lula has concentrated in forming ties with other emerging nations, shunning the western and developed c ountries (Barriaux 1). This will lower the external vulnerabilities associated with disassociation with the world superpowers. That is why Lula has shunned the North Americans Free Trade Area. Instead, he has resorted to qualificationening regional cooperation with neighbors like Uruguay, Paraguay and others crosswise the continent like South Africa, china and India (Fitzpatrick 1).Lula has started to give Washington screaming meemies when it became obvious that he was intent in exploitation Brazilian nuclear technology (Hurrell 52). His administration is engaged in industrial secrets. But at the same time, he is wise enough to maintain friendly relations with the nuclear inspection teams that have been deployed to Brazil. Lulas Foreign Policy winning? His policies have been hailed by many people as been a achievement composition. This is considering the fact that countries which have tried to defy the western superpowers have fall by the way side.But Brazil blazes ahead, albe it jerkily, even after defying America Washington and London. But still, some critics have been opining that Lulas foreign policy is inconsistent. But maybe, the consistency of Lulas foreign policy lies in its inconsistency. Perhaps the strength of his foreign policy lies in these so called inconsistencies. Brazil has always well-kept a tough stance when it came to global trade. She was defiant that no dispose of low quality goods from foreign economies will be done on her economy.This was contradicted when Lulas administration acknowledged China as a mart economy (Fitzpatrick 1). This was in 2004. What this means is that Brazil can not cheque the flow of low quality goods from China. China is known for her tendency to scarf out the international economy with her cheap, low quality goods. This is death sentence to the local industries. Brazil has resisted this until this point in time. China refused to back Lula in his prognosticate to get a permanent slot at the United Nations bail Council (Fitzpatrick 1). This was seen as inconsistency in Lulas stance of an autonomous nation.However, in 2009, Lula was in Beijing. This was perhaps payback time for China. While he was there, he signed a deal with Hu Jintao that would see Brazil export a total of 200,000 barrels of crude oil to Beijing (Barriaux 1). Also, a loan was offered to him from the Chinese government that was to spur development in Brazil. This was in overmuchness of 10-billion dollar (Barriaux 1). He took his disdain of the American regime there when he said that plans were underway to abandon the American dollar as the long suit of exchange when the two countries were conducting trade.This is the consistency of Lulas inconsistent foreign policy that the writer is talking about. Lula, by signing the contract with the Chinese government, express his desire of cementing ties with other nations apart from the West. Brazil is a gross exporter of bucolic products, and this is the backbone of her e conomy (Fitzpatrick 1). When Lula and his lieutenants take the pessimistic and negative regard of the global market, one is left wondering where Lula plans to sell the entire Soya from this country.However, Lula has been designing as ever. He led a boycott of the Doha round table talks in 2003, leading a group of growing nations out of the venue until the developed nations addressed their concerns. Celso Amorim, the foreign minister, led a successful crusade against subsidies that the European Union and America offered to their farmers (Fitzpatrick 1). All this was gear towards safeguarding the agricultural exports of the country. Lula has worked hard to revive Mercosur, the regional trade bloc of the Latin American nations (Hurrell 55).This is assign that he is interested in asserting regional control and influence in this region. Been a member of this organization, Lula will be able to bargain with the Americans and Britons when it comes to trade matters. This has given Lula lev erage such that he is able to shun the western nations and at the same time make himself relevant to them. He has opted for this organization while at the same time resisting the Free Trade Area espoused by United States. Conclusion Lula has adopted a foreign policy stance that is bold but at the same time risky.He has sought to assert the presence of the Brazilian nation in the global arena while at the same time refusing to ride on the tail coats of the developed nations, like America. He has a pessimistic view of the global economy. This is risky considering the fact that Brazil is an trade economy, and thus has to rely on the global market for success. Lula has tried to forge coalitions with other emerging nations like India and China. This way, Lula has eliminated the external vulnerability that the western countries would have taken advantage of by alienating Brazil with the rest of the developing nations.References Barriaux, M. C. Lula Signs Financial Agreements with Beijing . Retrieved from http//news. yahoo. com/s/afp/20090519/wl_asia_afp/chinabrazildiplomacytradecurrency_20090519162806, on 13th June, 2009. Fitzpatrick, J. K. Inconsistency of Brazils Foreign Policy. Retrieved from http//www. brazzil. com/2005-mainmenu-79/159-december-2005/9491. html, on 13th June, 2009. Hurrell, S. A. Lulas Brazil A Rising Power, but Going Where? Oxford Oxford University, 51-57. SkyNews. White People with Blue Eyes. Retrieved from http//www. foxnews. com/story/0,2933,510954,00. html, on 13th June, 2009.